Polyphosphate Flame Retardants with Increased Heat Resistance

The crystal structure of the environmentally friendly flame retardant melaminium polyphosphate (MPoly) (2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazinium‚PO 3 ) n was determined by a direct-space global optimization technique from X-ray powder diffraction data. Solid-state NMR was used to corroborate the proposed hydrogen-bonding model and to determine the average degree of polymerization (n > 100). An analysis of the crystal structure of MPoly reveals aspects of molecular geometry and packing that are characteristic for melamine-containing compounds and polyphosphate salts. A comparison of MPoly with the crystal structures of its precursors melaminium orthophosphate (MP) and melaminium dihydrogenpyrophosphate (MPy) provides insight in the mechanism of the endothermic dehydration processes that takes place in the reaction path MP f MPy f MPoly. Solid-state NMR characterization of various samples of the same batch showed inhomogeneities in the MPoly composition. Various quantities of orthophosphates were found, which cannot be assigned to be MP.

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“…Crystal (2) ) }) with a ) 0.35 ( 0.02, T1 (1) ) 0.30 ( 0.03 s, T1 (2) ) 374 ( 46 s, and ) 0.62 ( 0.06.…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Structural Analysis of a Melaminium Polyphosphate from X-ray Powder Diffraction and Solid-State NMR Data

Brodski¹,

Peschar²,

Schenk³

et al. 2005

J. Phys. Chem. B

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“…This makes melamine phosphates useful as flame retardants for polymeric materials that require high-temperature processing or that are designed for use at elevated temperatures. MP is widely used to improve fire resistance of many polymeric materials and coatings [1,[3][4][5][6] and is an important intermediate for obtaining melamine polyphosphate (MPP) [7,8]. Melamine polyphosphate (MPP) exhibits excellent thermal resistance and no significant mass loss up to temperatures of over 300°C [1,7,9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MP is widely used to improve fire resistance of many polymeric materials and coatings [1,[3][4][5][6] and is an important intermediate for obtaining melamine polyphosphate (MPP) [7,8]. Melamine polyphosphate (MPP) exhibits excellent thermal resistance and no significant mass loss up to temperatures of over 300°C [1,7,9,10]. The effects of MPP application in various polymeric materials, such as polyamides [11], polypropylene [7,12], epoxy compositions [13] and polyurethane [14], have been described in many publications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Melamine polyphosphate (MPP) exhibits excellent thermal resistance and no significant mass loss up to temperatures of over 300°C [1,7,9,10]. The effects of MPP application in various polymeric materials, such as polyamides [11], polypropylene [7,12], epoxy compositions [13] and polyurethane [14], have been described in many publications. Melamine phosphates have to be stable in the molding process of plastics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reaction product requires post-curing at 250-350°C. The reaction may be carried out either in batch [3,7,8,21] or continuous mode [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kinetics of melamine phosphate thermal decomposition in DSC studies

Nowak

Cichy

Kużdżał

2016

J Therm Anal Calorim

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This paper presents the results of study of the kinetics of two-stage condensation of melamine orthophosphate to melamine pyrophosphate and subsequently to melamine polyphosphate. The investigations were conducted under non-isothermal conditions and at constant rate of sample heating. Five different heating rates were applied: 40, 20, 10, 5, 2 K min. The activation energy of the process was determined using the approximate Kissinger method and the isoconversional Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose method. The thus determined activation energy is largely dependent on the extent of conversion, indicating the complexity of analyzed process. A complete analysis of the process was presented. Presented calculation of the full kinetic models was best described by stage I equation F1 Mampel and stage II Avrami-Erofeev equation A2. These equations have the best statistical fit. Theoretical kinetic curves were compared with the experimental data, achieving high compliance of theoretical curves with the experimental data.

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Mechanical properties of linear low‐density polyethylene fire‐retarded with melamine polyphosphate

Zaghloul

2018

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The ecologically friendly flame retardant melamine polyphosphate (MPP) was prepared and incorporated into linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE). The impacts of this halogen‐free flame retardant on the mechanical characteristics of LLDPE were investigated in this research. The flame‐retardant properties were evaluated, and the mechanical properties, including flexural, tensile, compressive, fracture toughness, and shear behaviors, were tested. The weight fraction of the filler material ranges from 5% to 30%. The influence of filler weight content of the produced composites was evaluated by means of a universal testing machine in order to identify their behavior. The flammability of composites was highly improved with the addition of MPP. It was observed that the Young's modulus and flexural modulus increased almost linearly; similarly, the tensile fracture strength and tensile yield strength increased with the increase in MPP weight fraction. The tensile elongation at break decreased sharply between zero and 10% weight fraction, followed by a slight decrease up to 30% weight fraction. The flexural strength peaked with the increase in MPP weight fraction. The compressive strength and shear strength of the specimens were directly proportional to MPP content up to 15% and 30%, respectively. The novelty in the optimization of MPP content as well as the preparation method reveal a wide range of applications. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 134, 46770

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Polyphosphate Flame Retardants with Increased Heat Resistance

Cited by 31 publications

References 2 publications

Structural Analysis of a Melaminium Polyphosphate from X-ray Powder Diffraction and Solid-State NMR Data

Structural Analysis of a Melaminium Polyphosphate from X-ray Powder Diffraction and Solid-State NMR Data

Kinetics of melamine phosphate thermal decomposition in DSC studies

Mechanical properties of linear low‐density polyethylene fire‐retarded with melamine polyphosphate

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