“…2 c, d) has resulted in a lower degree of substitution (0.778–0.874), but with higher metal chelating ability. The high 232.9–236.7 mg/g Pb(II) sorption is attributable to the polydentate ligand (Nazir et al 2018a , b ). The Pb-loaded modified PECs also achieve high diesel desulphurization with 300–350 ppm sulphur removal, as compared to 80–110 ppm with the modified sorbents without Pb-loading (Nazir et al 2018a , b ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Fig. 2 SEM of a 25% US-PEC/PP, b 25% AUTO-PEC/PP (reproduced from Abdullah et al 2016b , with permission from Elsevier), c US-PEC-EDTA modified, d AUTO-PEC-EDTA modified (reproduced from Nazir et al 2018a , b ) …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The cost of the raw materials, the cost of raw material processing, the market price of current and future bioproducts, marketability and practical use that suit the market needs (Budzianowski 2017 ), must be considered. The EFBs and the fibres have been used as soil conditioners or as absorbents to eliminate sulphur oxides (Sulaiman et al 2011 ), turned into briquettes for solid fuels (Nasrin et al 2008 ), or used in the manufactured furniture, packaging or building, electronics, and motorcar materials (Nazir et al 2018a , b ; Malaysian Palm Oil Council 2019 ). A novel, simple and low-cost preparation method has been developed for agro-based magnetic biosorbents based on the EFBs, Ceiba pentandra , and celluloses extracted from the EFBs to attain Pb(II) removal efficiencies of 97.7–99.4% from the aqueous system.…”
Background
There has been a greater call for greener and eco-friendly processes and bioproducts to meet the 2030’s core agenda on 17 global sustainable development goals. The challenge lies in incorporating systems thinking with a comprehensive worldview as a guiding principle to develop the economy, whilst taking cognisance of the need to safeguard the environment, and to embrace the socio-cultural diversity dimension as an equal component. Any discussion on climate change, destruction of eco-system and habitat for wildlife, poverty and starvation, and the spread of infectious diseases, must be addressed together with the emphasis on the development of cleaner energy, air and water, better management of resources and biodiversity, improved agro-practices for food production and distribution, and affordable health care, as the outcomes and key performance indicators to be evaluated. Strict regulation, monitoring and enforcement to minimize emission, pollution and wastage must also be put in place.
Conclusion
This review article focuses on the research and development efforts to achieve sustainable bioenergy production, environmental remediation, and transformation of agro-materials into value-added bioproducts through the integrated algal and oil palm biorefinery. Recent development in microalgal research with nanotechnology as anti-cancer and antimicrobial agents and for biopharmaceutical applications are discussed. The life-cycle analysis in the context of palm oil mill processes is evaluated. The way forward from this integrated biorefinery concept is to strive for inclusive development strategies, and to address the immediate and pressing problems facing the Planet and the People, whilst still reaping the Profit.
“…2 c, d) has resulted in a lower degree of substitution (0.778–0.874), but with higher metal chelating ability. The high 232.9–236.7 mg/g Pb(II) sorption is attributable to the polydentate ligand (Nazir et al 2018a , b ). The Pb-loaded modified PECs also achieve high diesel desulphurization with 300–350 ppm sulphur removal, as compared to 80–110 ppm with the modified sorbents without Pb-loading (Nazir et al 2018a , b ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Fig. 2 SEM of a 25% US-PEC/PP, b 25% AUTO-PEC/PP (reproduced from Abdullah et al 2016b , with permission from Elsevier), c US-PEC-EDTA modified, d AUTO-PEC-EDTA modified (reproduced from Nazir et al 2018a , b ) …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The cost of the raw materials, the cost of raw material processing, the market price of current and future bioproducts, marketability and practical use that suit the market needs (Budzianowski 2017 ), must be considered. The EFBs and the fibres have been used as soil conditioners or as absorbents to eliminate sulphur oxides (Sulaiman et al 2011 ), turned into briquettes for solid fuels (Nasrin et al 2008 ), or used in the manufactured furniture, packaging or building, electronics, and motorcar materials (Nazir et al 2018a , b ; Malaysian Palm Oil Council 2019 ). A novel, simple and low-cost preparation method has been developed for agro-based magnetic biosorbents based on the EFBs, Ceiba pentandra , and celluloses extracted from the EFBs to attain Pb(II) removal efficiencies of 97.7–99.4% from the aqueous system.…”
Background
There has been a greater call for greener and eco-friendly processes and bioproducts to meet the 2030’s core agenda on 17 global sustainable development goals. The challenge lies in incorporating systems thinking with a comprehensive worldview as a guiding principle to develop the economy, whilst taking cognisance of the need to safeguard the environment, and to embrace the socio-cultural diversity dimension as an equal component. Any discussion on climate change, destruction of eco-system and habitat for wildlife, poverty and starvation, and the spread of infectious diseases, must be addressed together with the emphasis on the development of cleaner energy, air and water, better management of resources and biodiversity, improved agro-practices for food production and distribution, and affordable health care, as the outcomes and key performance indicators to be evaluated. Strict regulation, monitoring and enforcement to minimize emission, pollution and wastage must also be put in place.
Conclusion
This review article focuses on the research and development efforts to achieve sustainable bioenergy production, environmental remediation, and transformation of agro-materials into value-added bioproducts through the integrated algal and oil palm biorefinery. Recent development in microalgal research with nanotechnology as anti-cancer and antimicrobial agents and for biopharmaceutical applications are discussed. The life-cycle analysis in the context of palm oil mill processes is evaluated. The way forward from this integrated biorefinery concept is to strive for inclusive development strategies, and to address the immediate and pressing problems facing the Planet and the People, whilst still reaping the Profit.
“…To date, numerous approaches have been extensively developed to make polymeric composites sustainable [ 17 , 18 ], whereas interest in waste recycling and disposable plastics has been developed in more recent decades. This work contributes to sustainable waste material processing with multiscale and multifunctional issues, such as low heating energy consumption for glass waste upcycling using a simple and reproducible approach.…”
Several reinforcement materials are incorporated into a polymeric matrix to improve the mechanical properties and reduce the cost of the obtained composites. In this work, recycled high-density polyethylene/waste glass powder composites, compatibilized with maleic anhydride-grafted polyethylene, were prepared using a two-roll mill and compression molding techniques. Four levels of waste glass powder, 2, 10, 20 and 30% by weight, and five levels of the compatibilizer, polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 5 and 7.5%by weight), were used. The effect of adding waste glass powder and compatibilizer concentration on the composite's mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, tensile strain, tensile modulus and thermal properties was studied. The results showed that superior mechanical properties were obtained and that the tensile strength and modulus increased with increasing waste glass powder content and compatibilizer concentration by 20 and 1.5 wt%, respectively. However, the elongation at the break decreased with the increase in both factors. The composite, which was prepared under ideal conditions, has high thermal stability and can be easily recycled and reprocessed for five cycles with high mechanical properties. This study recommends that the prepared composite, under optimum conditions, can be used as a cost-effective automobile dashboard material.
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