Polysaccharide Based Implantable Drug Delivery: Development Strategies, Regulatory Requirements, and Future Perspectives

Abstract

Implantable drug delivery systems advocate a wide array of potential benefits, including effective administration of drugs at lower concentrations and fewer side-effects whilst increasing patient compliance. Amongst several polymers used for fabricating implants, biopolymers such as polysaccharides are known for modulating drug delivery attributes as desired. The review describes the strategies employed for the development of polysaccharide-based implants. A comprehensive understanding of several polysaccharide polymers such as starch, cellulose, alginate, chitosan, pullulan, carrageenan, dextran, hyaluronic acid, agar, pectin, gellan gum is presented. Moreover, biomedical applications of these polysaccharide-based implantable devices along with the recent advancements carried out in the development of these systems have been mentioned. Implants for the oral cavity, nasal cavity, bone, ocular use, and antiviral therapy have been discussed in detail. The regulatory considerations with respect to implantable drug delivery has also been emphasized in the present work. This article aims to provide insights into the developmental strategies for polysaccharide-based implants.

Sustainable Biodegradable Biopolymer-Based Nanoparticles for Healthcare Applications

“…They have different biological characteristics and activities due to different chemical structures and ionic nature [ 61 ]. The most well-known natural and biodegradable polysaccharides used in healthcare applications are chitosan, alginate, carrageenan, gellan gum, and dextran [ 86 , 87 ].…”

The Diamond Concept Enigma: Recent Trends of Its Implementation in Cross-linked Chitosan-Based Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

“…Since one of the main challenges in the design of biological substitutes with mediators, growth factors, or drugs is the achievement of a sustained release profile, kinetic release studies are often conducted in vitro as part of scaffold characterization. ,− To perform these tests, scaffolds are loaded with a model component and its concentration in the supernatant is measured over a certain amount of time (Figure , Table ). The most common method to assess the release kinetics includes UV–vis spectrophotometry and absorbance readings, with half of the relevant articles having reported on this methodology.…”

Insights on Some Polysaccharide Gel Type Materials and Their Structural Peculiarities

“…The enthalpy of gelatinization (∆H) mainly reflects the loss of double helices, which is related to the content and stability of double helices [120]. The results of DSC concerning starch gelatinization temperature and enthalpy are associated with thermal melting of crystallites/helical structures, while XRD is used to quantify crystallinity of crystallites structures, and 13 C CP/MAS NMR can further quantitatively investigate the helical structure. The higher content of double helices corresponds to the higher crystallinity, while the content of double helices always exceeds the value of crystallinity.…”

“…Polyvalent ions (Ca 2+ , Zn 2+ , Al 3+ , Mn 2+ , Sr 2+ , Cu 2+ , and Ba 2+ ) cross-linked with alginate gels have been structurally investigated by the means of solid-state NMR spectroscopy, namely 1 H-and 13 C-NMR, 13 C CP/MAS NMR, 23 Na 3Q/MAS NMR, 2D 27 Al TQ/MAS NMR, and 2D 27 Al 3Q/MAS NMR, and density functional theory (DFT) calculus [216]. Experimental data confirmed the homogeneous distribution of cross-linking cations in the alginate gel microbeads and the high degree of ion exchange during cross-linking.…”

“…Given their particular array of properties, gels prepared from colloid polysaccharides have been employed in a wide variety of applications [ 1 ] ranging from industry (food additives [ 2 , 3 ], packaging [ 4 ], pharmaceutics, and cosmetics [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ], to healthcare and bioengineering (wound dressings [ 9 , 10 , 11 ], drug delivery systems [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ], materials for tissue engineering [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ], and prosthetics [ 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Their importance as a class of materials resides not only in their structural and functional properties, but in their multitude of structures, availability, and abundance in renewable resources as well ( Scheme 1 ).…”