Polysaccharide-Based Lotus Seedpod Surface-Like Porous Microsphere as an Efficient Drug Carrier for Cancer Treatment

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the properties and functions of polysaccharidebased porous microsphere (PPM) for drug delivery, as well as its inhibitory effect on malignant tumors. Materials and Methods: PPM was prepared using the inverse emulsion polymerization method. FT-IR measurements were conducted to measure the wavenumber of PPM. Particle size distribution was tested with a particle analyzer, and surface morphologies of PPM were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Dialysis method, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), and cell apoptosis analysis were adopted to evaluate the drug release, cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of mitomycin-C (MMC), respectively. Finally, an in vivo study was performed in C57BL/6 mice to confirm the function of MMC-loaded PPM on tumor growth. Results: FT-IR spectra proved the successful preparation of MMC-loaded PPM. PPM had an average size of 25.90 ± 0.34 μm and then increased to 30.10 ± 0.20 μm after drug loading. Under SEM, the surface morphology was lotus seedpod surface-like, with macropits on the surface and micropores in macropits. Compared with the free MMC group, MMC-loaded PPM exhibited a delayed drug release rate in a pH-dependent manner and higher cell viability. Flow cytometry results showed that the cell apoptosis in the PPM/MMC group was lower than that in the free MMC group. In vivo experiment revealed the inhibitory efficacy of MMC-loaded PPM on malignant tumors. Conclusion: In summary, MMC-loaded PPM exhibited favorable surface morphology, sustained drug release ability, nontoxicity and excellent biocompatibility, suggesting that PPM might be a potential drug carrier for tumor treatment.

Progress in the application of sustained-release drug microspheres in tissue engineering

“…prepared polysaccharide porous microspheres (PPMs) ( Fig. 5 B) via reverse emulsion polymerization, and performed in vivo experiments, confirming that mitomycin C (MMC)-loaded PPMs had an inhibitory effect on malignant tumors [ 189 ]. Moreover, MMC-loaded PPMs ( Fig.…”

“… Preparative ​technique Merits Demerits Application Microsphere-drug ​combination Ref. Emulsion-solidication Large-scale production, simple operation Wide particle size Oncotherapy Neuralrepair TPP/chitosan/PLGA-NGF Microspheres 5-Fluorouracil loaded biodegradable magnetic Microspheres Polysaccharidebased porous microsphere (PPM) [ 88 , 188 , 189 ] Microfluidics Unique analytical performance, smaller volume, good monodispersity Low production efficiency Oncotherapy 5-Fu loaded CS microspheres [ 30 , 35 ] Mold method Low cost, simple operation Complex synthesis process Protein separation Monodisperse porous silica microspheres [ 58 , 62 , 63 ] Microfluidic electrospray Uniform size and good monodispersity Low production efficiency Skin wounds Novel drug-loaded methacryloyl chondroitin sulfate (CSMA) microspheres [67, 196] Spray drying Simple and stable Limited range of polymers Gastropathy Chitosan-based microspheres [ 75 ] Self-assembly method Simple production technology, mild reaction conditions, and suitability for hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs Size and monodispersity need to be improved Oncotherapy Paclitaxel-loaded silk fibroin nanospheres [ 78 ] Phase separation method For water-soluble drugs, easy to prepare in batches Difficult to remove organic solvents Arthritis Loaded sPL sustained-release microspheres [ 206 ] Membrane emulsification method...…”

A Review on the Extraction, Bioactivity, and Application of Tea Polysaccharides

“…Wu et al designed and synthesized polysaccharide-based porous microspheres (PPMs) via the inverse emulsion polymerization method and evaluated their drug delivery capabilities and functionalities. The PPMs loaded with mitomycin-C (MMC) could promote the sustained release of MMC at the target site, thus reducing the toxic effects on normal tissues and exhibiting stronger tumor-suppressive effects [ 83 ].…”