Polystyrene Nanofiber Materials for Visible-Light-Driven Dual Antibacterial Action via Simultaneous Photogeneration of NO and O₂(¹Δ_g)

Abstract

This contribution reports on the preparation, characterization, and biological evaluation of electrospun polystyrene nanofiber materials engineered with a covalently grafted NO photodonor and ionically entangled tetracationic porphyrin and phthalocyanine photosensitizers. These photofunctional materials exhibit an effective and simultaneous photogeneration of two antibacterial species such as nitric oxide (NO) and singlet oxygen, O2((1)Δg) under illumination with visible light, as demonstrated by their direct detection using amperometric and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques. Dual-mode photoantibacterial action is demonstrated by antibacterial tests carried out on Escherichia coli.

Recent advances in thromboresistant and antimicrobial polymers for biomedical applications: just say yes to nitric oxide (NO)

“…), and inducing oxidative stress. 71,89 In general, the mechanisms of bactericidal surfaces are: 1) contact-based bactericidal activity (e.g., QAC, etc.) which affects the ion-exchange processes and cause general perturbations that destabilize the cytoplasmic membranes of bacteria, resulting in leakage of the intracellular fluid; and 2) release-based bactericidal (e.g., metal ions, antibiotics, etc.…”

Photosensitizer-Embedded Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibers as Antimicrobial Non-Woven Textile

“…aPDI employs light, air, and a photosensitizer (PS) to generate primarily singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) as the biocidal agent, and represents a complementary strategy for the treatment of microbial infections [ 27 , 28 ]. Advantages of materials-based aPDI include (i) employing singlet oxygen as the biocidal agent (which, given its short lifetime and decay to harmless oxygen as an end product [ 29 ] can be considered environmentally benign); (ii) multiple routes to PS incorporation, including the attachment of the PS through electrostatic interactions [ 30 ], encapsulation within a polymeric matrix [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ], or direct attachment via a covalent bond (prevents leaching into the environment) [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]; (iii) the ability of the PS to potentially function in the absence of direct contact with the pathogen due to the diffusibility of singlet oxygen [ 40 , 45 ]; and (iv) of great importance with respect to nosocomial infections is that singlet oxygen or other photo-generated reactive oxygen species cause non-specific damage from which microbial resistance is unlikely to arise [ 27 , 46 , 47 ]. To this latter point, aPDI has been shown to possess broad-spectrum antibacterial [ 23 , 27 , 48 , 49 , 50 ], antiviral [ 31 , 51 , 52 , 53 ], antifungal [ 46 , 54 , 55 , 56 ], and antiparasitic [ 57 ,…”

“…A number of materials based upon a photodynamic mode of action have been recently reported. These include: synthetic polymer materials (polyurethane, polystyrene, polycaprolactone and polyamide-6) with encapsulated photosensitizers (e.g., free-base or zinc tetraphenylporphyrin, zinc phthalocyanine, cationic 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin (TMPyP)) that exhibit photobactericidal ( E. coli ) and photovirucidal (against non-enveloped polyomavirus and enveloped baculovirus) efficacy [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ], as well as natural polymer materials based on cellulose nanocrystals (Por (+) -CNCs [ 37 , 38 , 59 ]), cellulose fibers (Por (+) -paper [ 39 ]), or cotton fabrics [ 42 , 44 ] that possess broad anti-infective efficacy against both bacteria (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus , vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium , Acinetobacter baumannii , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Klebsiella pneumonia ) and viruses (e.g., dengue-1, influenza A, and human adenovirus-5). However, further studies regarding the design, scope, and potential applications of these materials remain.…”

N-halamine antibacterial nanofibrous mats based on polyacrylonitrile and N-halamine for protective face masks

“…Nano-sized fibers have good advantages in diameter, porosity, and especially in surface properties, such as high surface area. 1,2 The small pore sizes of the nanofibrous mats were confirmed to be essential for air permeability. In contrast to other materials, nanofibers have a wide range of applications including battery, 3 filtration, 4-7 drug delivery 8,9 and so on.Electrospinning is one of the common methods to prepare nanofibrous materials and has aroused much attention due to its efficiency and simplicity.…”