Polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolites in the pathobiology of schizophrenia

Autism as a disorder of deficiency of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and altered metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids

“…Such a study may pave the way to the development of custom made combinations of various PUFAs with or without BDNF to improve prognosis of patients with autism. Furthermore, significant interaction(s) depicted above between PUFAs/ lipoxins/resolvins/protectins and BDNF [111] also may have relevance in other neurologic/psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease [136][137][138].…”

Refining and integrating schizophrenia pathophysiology – Relevance of the allostatic load concept

“…In addition, there are studies showing the efficacy of adjunctive treatment with some antioxidants. It has been found that add-on therapies with ginkgo biloba (Atmaca et al, 2005;Doruk et al, 2008;Zhang et al, 2001a,b), melatonin (Anderson and Maes, 2012), vitamins C and E (Reddy, 2011), N-acetylcysteine (Berk et al, 2013;Dean et al, 2011) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (Das, 2013) might be beneficial in terms of alleviating positive and negative symptoms, cognitive deficits, circadian rhythm disturbances and extrapyramidal symptoms.…”

Lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, maresins and nitrolipids, and their clinical implications with specific reference to diabetes mellitus and other diseases: part II

“…n Acetylcholine (Ach), the principal vagal neurotransmitter, is also a potent anti-inflammatory compound, which induces the release of PUFAs [132][133][134][135][136], which, in turn, could be used for the formation of LXs, Rvs, protectins, MaRs and nitrolipids;…”

“…Therefore, close interactions among various neuro transmitters, the vagus nerve and its principal neurotransmitter Ach, PUFAs and their pro-and anti-inflammatory bioactive lipids, and low-grade systemic inflammation (seen both in the peripheral tissues such as the liver, muscle, adipose tissue and endothelial cells, and the hypothalamus in metabolic syndrome) is expected to exist [62][63][64][65]115,124,[128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137]. Infusion of PUFAs into the hypothalamus reverted high-fat-diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation [138] and inhibited glucose production and food intake, and ameliorated Type 2 DM in experimental animals [138,139], lending strong support to the concept that PUFAs and their products play a significant role in the pathobiology of metabolic syndrome, and in the regulation of hypothalamic function [62][63][64][65].…”

“…It is likely that all diseases in which low-grade systemic inflammation play a significant role, such as obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, CHD, depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, aging, osteoporosis, Huntington's disease, polycystic ovarian syndrome, dermatitis, psoriasis, glomerulonephritis of different etiologies, scleroderma and other collagen vascular diseases may be due to deficiency of cyto protective LXs, Rvs, protectins, MaRs and nitrolipids [37,124,136,[141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152]. It is suggested that in conditions such as hypertension, schizophrenia, depression, Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease, PUFAs, LXs, Rvs, protectins and MaRs may act not only on peripheral tissues, but also on specific areas of the brain, such as the hypothalamus.…”