Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Breast Milk in Relation to Atopy in the Mother and Her Child

Duchén, Karel; Yu, Guo; Björkstén, Bengt

doi:10.1159/000024118

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…(13) and Duchen et al. (14) both reported a significantly lower 20:3n‐6 concentration in milk of atopic mothers collected 1 month after delivery, but no significant differences in the milk collected 3 months after delivery. They found no differences in the other n‐6 LCP or in 18:2n‐6, either at 1 month or at 3 months of lactation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Fatty acids in breast milk of allergic and non‐allergic mothers: The PIAMA birth cohort study

Wijga

Houwelingen

Smit

et al. 2003

Pediatric Allergy Immunology

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Fatty acid composition was studied in breast milk of allergic and non-allergic mothers, focusing in particular on concentrations of the n-6 and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturates (LCP) in relation to maternal allergy. Milk samples were obtained from 168 mothers with asthma or inhalant allergies and 107 mothers without asthma and inhalant allergies, between 2 and 35 weeks after delivery. Mean values of fatty acid concentration (weight% of total fatty acids) were estimated for individual fatty acids, for groups of fatty acids and for the metabolic index (the ratio between the sum of n-6 polyunsaturates and linoleic acid). For the most relevant fatty acids, the association with maternal allergy was subsequently analyzed in more detail using multiple regression analysis. The metabolic index in breast milk was significantly lower in the allergic than in the non-allergic mothers, but no significant differences were observed in the concentrations of any of the n-6 fatty acids. Also concentrations of the n-3 fatty acids and nearly all other fatty acids were similar in allergic and non-allergic mothers' breast milk. No differences in fatty acid concentrations were observed between mothers with asthma and mothers with single or with multiple inhalant allergies. Our data suggest that differences in fatty acid composition between breast milk of allergic and non-allergic mothers are small and are unlikely to be responsible for the differential effects of breastfeeding by allergic and non-allergic mothers that have been observed in some studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Fatty acids in breast milk of allergic and non‐allergic mothers: The PIAMA birth cohort study

Wijga

Houwelingen

Smit

et al. 2003

Pediatric Allergy Immunology

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“…A number of studies have found significantly lower EPA and DHA concentrations in the milks of nonatopic mothers whose infants develop atopy, resulting in lower plasma n-3 levels and higher n-6/n-3 ratios, indicating an n-3-mediated affect (29) and a link between the early infant diet and the development of allergic disease (30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35). However, dietary studies in children and adults have produced conflicting results, with those examining n-3 intake via consumption of fish demonstrating some small but positive effects on recurrent airway disease (airway hyperresponsiveness, wheeze, or asthma) (36) but with placebo-controlled supplementation studies showing mixed results especially on established asthmatic disease (37)(38)(39)(40).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyunsaturated fatty acids regulate cytokine and prostaglandin E₂ production by respiratory cells in response to mast cell mediators

Bryan

Forsyth

Hart

et al. 2006

Lipids

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A protective association between breastfeeding and the development of bronchial asthma has been demonstrated. However, a mechanism remains unclear. FA present in human milk but rare in infant formula have been associated with marked immunological modulation as well as some indications of protection from asthma development. We examined the effect of in vitro manipulation of membrane phospholipid on the production of cytokines and prostaglandin (PG)E2 by respiratory epithelial cells (A549) in response to stimulation by mast cell mediators of allergic disease [histamine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5]. DHA and CLA significantly decreased the production of IL-8 in response to stimulation by TNF-alpha [2907 +/- 970 (DHA) and 6471 +/- 1203 (CLA) vs. 12,287 +/- 2309 (control) pg/mL; P < or = 0.05, mean +/- SEM], whereas both EPA and DHA reduced histamine-stimulated RANTES (regulation on activation, T cell-expressed and -secreted) production [2314 +/- 861 (EPA) and 877 +/- 326 (DHA) vs. 8526 +/- 1118 (control) pg/mL; P < or = 0.03]. PGE2 released in response to histamine was decreased by n-3 [1305 +/- 399 (alpha-linolenic acid), 406 +/- 73 (EPA), and 265 +/- 32 (DHA) vs. 9324 +/- 3672 (control) pg/mL; P < or = 0.05] and increased by n-6 [18,843 +/- 4439 (arachidonic acid) vs. 9324 +/- 3672 (control) pg/mL; P = 0.02], with CLA producing a decrease of the same magnitude as DHA [553 +/- 126 (CLA) vs. 9324 +/- 3672 (control) pg/mL; P = 0.03]. This study demonstrates the potential for immunological manipulation of the respiratory epithelium by FA in situ during allergic responses and suggests that further investigation into FA intervention in infants via human milk or supplemented infant formula, to prevent the development of allergic disease, may be worthwhile.

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“…Long‐chain n‐3 PUFA content in breast milk from atopic and non‐atopic women have also been compared in several studies, with conflicting results. Some showed no fatty acid differences [20, 22, 23], some reported lower n‐3 fatty acid levels [24, 25] and one [26] higher DPA levels in milk from atopic compared with healthy mothers. Studies regarding PUFA content in breast milk have usually included women with different atopic manifestations, such as asthma, hayfever and/or eczema.…”

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confidence: 99%

Low breast milk levels of long‐chain n‐3 fatty acids in allergic women, despite frequent fish intake

Johansson

Wold

Sandberg

2011

Clin Experimental Allergy

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BackgroundLong-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have immune regulating and anti-inflammatory effects. However, their role in allergic disease is unclear. Allergic diseases are immunologically heterogeneous, and we hypothesized that n-3 fatty acid composition in serum and breast milk may vary according to clinical manifestations. Further, animal studies have shown reduction of serum-PUFA levels during allergic inflammation.ObjectiveTo investigate fatty acid composition in breast milk and serum from women with different atopic disease manifestations. Secondly, to determine whether low PUFA levels reflected insufficient intakes.MethodsFatty acids were analysed in breast milk and serum of women with atopic eczema and respiratory allergy (n=16), only respiratory allergy (n=7), as well as healthy women (n=22). Dietary intake of foods expected to affect long-chain n-3 PUFA levels were estimated by food-frequency questionnaire. The fatty acid pattern was related to diagnostic group and intake of relevant food items using a multivariate pattern recognition method (partial least squares projections to latent structures and discriminant analysis).ResultsWomen with a combination of eczema and respiratory allergy had lower breast milk levels of several PUFAs (arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA, docosahexaenoic acid, DHA, and docosapentaenoic acid, DPA), and a lower ratio of long-chain n-3 PUFAs/n-6 PUFAs. Their PUFA levels differed not only from that of healthy women, but also from that of women with only respiratory allergy. The latter had a fatty acid pattern similar to that of healthy women. Despite low EPA, DHA and DPA levels women with eczema and respiratory allergy consumed no less fish than did healthy women.Conclusion & Clinical RelevanceOur data suggest that reduced levels of long-chain n-3 fatty acids in serum and breast milk characterize women with extensive allergic disease including eczema, and are not related to low fish intake. Consumption of PUFAs during the allergic process may explain these findings.

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Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Breast Milk in Relation to Atopy in the Mother and Her Child

Cited by 8 publications

References 11 publications

Fatty acids in breast milk of allergic and non‐allergic mothers: The PIAMA birth cohort study

Fatty acids in breast milk of allergic and non‐allergic mothers: The PIAMA birth cohort study

Polyunsaturated fatty acids regulate cytokine and prostaglandin E₂ production by respiratory cells in response to mast cell mediators

Low breast milk levels of long‐chain n‐3 fatty acids in allergic women, despite frequent fish intake

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Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Breast Milk in Relation to Atopy in the Mother and Her Child

Cited by 8 publications

References 11 publications

Fatty acids in breast milk of allergic and non‐allergic mothers: The PIAMA birth cohort study

Fatty acids in breast milk of allergic and non‐allergic mothers: The PIAMA birth cohort study

Polyunsaturated fatty acids regulate cytokine and prostaglandin E2 production by respiratory cells in response to mast cell mediators

Low breast milk levels of long‐chain n‐3 fatty acids in allergic women, despite frequent fish intake

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Polyunsaturated fatty acids regulate cytokine and prostaglandin E₂ production by respiratory cells in response to mast cell mediators