Polyurethane Foams and Bio-Polyols from Liquefied Cotton Stalk Agricultural Waste

Wang, Qingyue; Tuohedi, Nuerjiamali

doi:10.3390/su12104214

Cited by 27 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Thus, the 2.44% concentration is more advisable since it led to good conversion, as did the 3% concentration, but with less catalyst and, consequently, a lower cost. Moreover, the high acid concentrations are reported as enhancing the recondensation reactions, leading to higher amounts of insoluble residue and decreasing the biomass conversions [23]. The influence of the temperature on the eucalyptus sawdust liquefaction process was studied.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Boosting the Higher Heating Value of Eucalyptus globulus via Thermochemical Liquefaction

Fernandes¹,

Matos²,

Gaspar³

et al. 2021

Sustainability

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Biomass can be envisaged as a potential solution to mitigate the problems that the extensive exploitation of fossil sources causes on the environment. Transforming biomass into added-value products with better calorific properties is highly desired. Thermochemical liquefaction can convert biomass into a bio-oil. The work herein presented concerns the study of direct liquefaction of Eucalyptus globulus sawdust. The main goal was to optimise the operating conditions of the process to achieve high bio-oil conversion rates. Studies were carried out to understand the impact of the process factors, such as the residence time, catalyst concentration, temperature, and the biomass-to-solvent ratio. The E. globulus sawdust conversion into bio-oil was achieved with a maximum conversion of 96.2%. A higher conversion was reached when the eucalyptus sawdust's thermochemical liquefaction was conducted over 180 minutes in the presence of a >2.44% catalyst concentration at 160 °C. A lower biomass-to-solvent ratio favours the process leading to a higher conversion of biomass into bio-oil. The afforded bio-oil presented a better higher heating value than that of E. globulus sawdust.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Boosting the Higher Heating Value of Eucalyptus globulus via Thermochemical Liquefaction

Fernandes¹,

Matos²,

Gaspar³

et al. 2021

Sustainability

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show abstract

“…This process involves the cleavage of various chemical bonds in the biomass using an organic solvent. Different organic solvents such as polyhydric alcohols [5,6] phenol [7,8], ethylene carbonate [9,10], dioxane [11], ethanol [12], and acetone [13,14] have been used in wood liquefaction. The wood liquefaction technology essentially involves the chemical modification of wood by the esterification or etherification of the hydroxyl groups commonly found in the main components of wood, viz., high-molecular-weight cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Evaluation of Epoxy Resin Prepared from the Liquefied Product of Cotton Stalk

Tuohedi

Wang

2021

Processes

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Liquefaction of waste lignocellulosic biomass is a viable technology for replacing fossil fuels and meeting sustainable development goals. In this study, bio-based epoxy resins were prepared from polyhydric-alcohol-liquefied cotton stalk by glycidyl etherification. The cotton stalk was liquefied in a polyethylene glycol/glycerol cosolvent under H2SO4 catalysis. Epon 828 and cotton-stalk-based epoxy resins could be cured using methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride as the curing agent, and the curing process was exothermic. The thermal properties and tensile strength of cured resins were investigated to examine the effect of adding cotton-stalk-based resin on the performance of the copolymerized epoxy resin. Further, the liquefied-cotton-stalk-based epoxy resin was blended with Epon 828 at different ratios (10, 20, and 30 mass%) and cured with a curing agent in the presence of 2-methylimidazole catalyst. An increase in the peak temperature and a reduction in the heat of curing and activation energy of the Epon 828 epoxy resin was observed with increasing content of the cotton-stalk-based epoxy resin. The tensile strength (35.4 MPa) and elastic modulus (1.5 GPa) of the highly crosslinked cotton-stalk-based epoxy resin were equivalent to those of the petroleum-based epoxy resin Epon 828.

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“…PU foams were also considered by Ertas et al [ 206 ] but were obtained from Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Pinus sylvestris instead. Other biosources considered for the production of rigid foams were cotton stalk, pine bark and apricot stone [ 207 , 208 ]. Moreover, polyurethane films were successfully elaborated by employing lignocellulose materials such as wheat starch by the reaction with isophorone diisocyanate, which exhibit suitable mechanical properties to replace petrochemical substitutes [ 209 ].…”

Section: Lignocellulose-based Polyurethanesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lignocellulosic Materials for the Production of Biofuels, Biochemicals and Biomaterials and Applications of Lignocellulose-Based Polyurethanes: A Review

2022

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The present review is devoted to the description of the state-of-the-art techniques and procedures concerning treatments and modifications of lignocellulosic materials in order to use them as precursors for biomaterials, biochemicals and biofuels, with particular focus on lignin and lignin-based products. Four different main pretreatment types are outlined, i.e., thermal, mechanical, chemical and biological, with special emphasis on the biological action of fungi and bacteria. Therefore, by selecting a determined type of fungi or bacteria, some of the fractions may remain unaltered, while others may be decomposed. In this sense, the possibilities to obtain different final products are massive, depending on the type of microorganism and the biomass selected. Biofuels, biochemicals and biomaterials derived from lignocellulose are extensively described, covering those obtained from the lignocellulose as a whole, but also from the main biopolymers that comprise its structure, i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. In addition, special attention has been paid to the formulation of bio-polyurethanes from lignocellulosic materials, focusing more specifically on their applications in the lubricant, adhesive and cushioning material fields. High-performance alternatives to petroleum-derived products have been reported, such as adhesives that substantially exceed the adhesion performance of those commercially available in different surfaces, lubricating greases with tribological behaviour superior to those in lithium and calcium soap and elastomers with excellent static and dynamic performance.

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Polyurethane Foams and Bio-Polyols from Liquefied Cotton Stalk Agricultural Waste

Cited by 27 publications

References 23 publications

Boosting the Higher Heating Value of Eucalyptus globulus via Thermochemical Liquefaction

Boosting the Higher Heating Value of Eucalyptus globulus via Thermochemical Liquefaction

Preparation and Evaluation of Epoxy Resin Prepared from the Liquefied Product of Cotton Stalk

Lignocellulosic Materials for the Production of Biofuels, Biochemicals and Biomaterials and Applications of Lignocellulose-Based Polyurethanes: A Review

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