Polyurethane types, synthesis and applications – a review

Akindoyo, John Olabode; Beg, Mohammad Dalour Hossen; Ghazali, Suriati; Islam, Muhammad Remanul; Jeyaratnam, Nitthiyah; Yuvaraj, A. R.

doi:10.1039/c6ra14525f

Cited by 1,295 publications

(877 citation statements)

References 248 publications

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“…PUs are known for their wide range of properties including high tensile strength, abrasion resistance, and chemical resistance (Saraf andGlasser, 1984, Sarkar andAdhikari, 2001). These properties, among others, make PUs an important commercial polymer for use as flexible or rigid foams, solid elastomers, coatings, and adhesives among other applications (Stevens, 1999, Szycher, 1999, Akindoyo et al, 2016.…”

Section: Polyurethane (Pu)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Plant Source on the Properties of Lignin-Based Polyurethanes

2018

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This work increases our understanding of the effect of plant source on the mechanical and morphological properties of lignin-based polyurethanes (PUs). Lignin is a polymer that is synthesized inside the plant cell wall and can be used as a polyol to synthesize PUs. The specific aromatic structure of the lignin is heavily reliant on the plant source from which it is extracted. These results show that the mechanical properties of ligninbased PUs differ based on lignin's plant source. The morphology of lignin-based PUs was examined using atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy and the mechanical properties of lignin-based PU samples were measured using dynamic mechanical analysis and shore hardness (Type A). The thermal analysis and morphology studies demonstrate that all PUs prepared form a multiphase morphology. In these PUs, better mixing was observed in the wheat straw lignin PU samples leading to higher moduli than in the hardwood lignin and softwood lignin PUs whose morphology was dominated by larger aggregates. Independent of the type of the lignin used, increasing the fraction of lignin increased the rigidity of PU. Among the different types of lignin studied, PU with wheat straw soda lignin exhibited storage moduli ~2-fold higher than those of PUs incorporating other lignins. This study also showed that during synthesis all hydroxyl groups in the lignin are not available to react with isocyanates, which alters the number of cross-links formed within the PU and impacts the mechanical properties of the material.

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Section: Polyurethane (Pu)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Plant Source on the Properties of Lignin-Based Polyurethanes

2018

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“…Diversity of their properties enables their application in various branches of industry, e.g. automotive industry or production of thermal insulation materials [1]. Majority of commercially available polyurethanes are produced from petroleum-based materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Study on Application of Biopolyols Obtained by Cellulose Biomass Liquefaction Performed with Crude Glycerol for the Synthesis of Rigid Polyurethane Foams

et al. 2017

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In this work rigid polyurethane foams (PUR) were obtained by replacement of 0-70 wt% of petrochemical polyol with biopolyol obtained via cellulose liquefaction in presence of crude glycerol. The foams with different content of a bio-polyol were prepared by single step method for NCO/OH ratio equals 1.5. The prepared materials were analyzed in terms of their morphology, chemical structure, thermal stability and basic physical and mechanical properties. The effects of photo-oxidative and thermo-oxidative aging on chemical structure, apparent density and mechanical properties of the biomass based rigid polyurethane foams were investigated and discussed.

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“…It is well known that the traditional polyurethane (PU) is usually synthesized from toxic isocyanate and polyol. [8][9][10] However, during preparation process of PU, the repetitive exposure to isocyanate can lead to serious and incurable harm to human health. 11 Besides, the synthesis of isocyanates, for methane dipheyl 4,4 0 -diisocyante as example, requires toxic phosgene.…”

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confidence: 99%

Non-isocyanate polyurethane/epoxy hybrid materials with different and controlled architectures prepared from a CO₂-sourced monomer and epoxy via an environmentally-friendly route

Wang

et al. 2017

RSC Adv.

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Polyurethane/epoxy hybrid materials from CO 2 -sourced monomer were prepared via an environmentallyfriendly and non-toxic route, which avioded the use of toxic isocyanate. A series of non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU)/epoxy hybrid materials, with different and controlled architectures, were synthesized from CO 2 , polypropylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PPGDGE), amines and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (BADGE). Around 12 wt% CO 2 was incorporated into PPGDGE to form a five-membered cyclic carbonate (5CC-PPGDGE). The complete conversion and selectivity of PPGDGE were obtained.The kinetics of 5CC-PPGDGE was investigated by reacting it with 1,2-ethylenediamine (EDA) at different temperatures. NH 2 -terminated pre-polymers were obtained by reacting 5CC-PPGDGE with various excessive amines. Finally, the hybrid materials were obtained by curing pre-polymers with BADGE. The results showed that a high content of amine with more functional groups led to better mechanical performances than diamine-based hybrid materials. This is the first time that architectures have been controlled by altering the amine ratio and functionality. And these hybrid materials exhibited satisfactory mechanical performances. The DETA-based and TETA-based materials with high amine ratio exhibited a tensile strength of 15.0 MPa and 12.5 MPa, accompanied with elongation at break of 151.3% and 170.9%, respectively. The gel content, glass transition temperature and thermodynamic stability went up first and then declined with the increase of amine ratio, which demonstrated the architectures of hybrid materials ranged from defective to cross-linked and linear structures.

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Polyurethane types, synthesis and applications – a review

Abstract: Polyurethanes (PUs) are a class of versatile materials with great potential for use in different applications, especially based on their structure–property relationships.

Cited by 1,295 publications

References 248 publications

The Effect of Plant Source on the Properties of Lignin-Based Polyurethanes

The Effect of Plant Source on the Properties of Lignin-Based Polyurethanes

The Study on Application of Biopolyols Obtained by Cellulose Biomass Liquefaction Performed with Crude Glycerol for the Synthesis of Rigid Polyurethane Foams

Non-isocyanate polyurethane/epoxy hybrid materials with different and controlled architectures prepared from a CO₂-sourced monomer and epoxy via an environmentally-friendly route

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Polyurethane types, synthesis and applications – a review

Abstract: Polyurethanes (PUs) are a class of versatile materials with great potential for use in different applications, especially based on their structure–property relationships.

Cited by 1,295 publications

References 248 publications

The Effect of Plant Source on the Properties of Lignin-Based Polyurethanes

The Effect of Plant Source on the Properties of Lignin-Based Polyurethanes

The Study on Application of Biopolyols Obtained by Cellulose Biomass Liquefaction Performed with Crude Glycerol for the Synthesis of Rigid Polyurethane Foams

Non-isocyanate polyurethane/epoxy hybrid materials with different and controlled architectures prepared from a CO2-sourced monomer and epoxy via an environmentally-friendly route

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Non-isocyanate polyurethane/epoxy hybrid materials with different and controlled architectures prepared from a CO₂-sourced monomer and epoxy via an environmentally-friendly route