Polyvinylpyrrolidone–Poly(ethylene glycol) Modified Silver Nanorods Can Be a Safe, Noncarrier Adjuvant for HIV Vaccine

Abstract

One of the biggest obstacles for the development of HIV vaccines is how to sufficiently trigger crucial anti-HIV immunities via a safe manner. We herein integrated surface modification-dependent immunostimulation against HIV vaccine and shape-dependent biosafety and designed a safe noncarrier adjuvant based on silver nanorods coated by both polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). Such silver nanorods can significantly elevate crucial immunities of HIV vaccine and overcome the toxicity, which is a big problem for other existing adjuvants. This study thus provided a principle for designing a safe and high-efficacy material for an adjuvant and allow researchers to really have a safe and effective prophylaxis against HIV. We expect this material approach to be applicable to other types of vaccines, whether they are preventative or therapeutic.

Immunomodulatory Nanosystems

“…[265] Worse still, the HIV virus could only be reduced but not completely removed from infected patients. [251] The authors had a preference for NRs but not nanospheres mainly due to safety consideration. However, the immunity generated by neutralizing Abs targeting HIV envelope glycoproteins is far from satisfactory.…”

Antimicrobial dependence of silver nanoparticles on surface plasmon resonance bands against <em>Escherichia coli</em>

“…This synergism has improved antimicrobial effects against microbial strains including Staphylococcus aureus , Micrococcus luteus , Salmonella typhi , and Escherichia coli compared to the activity of these antibiotics alone. In addition, Liu et al27 developed modified silver nanorods with polyvinylpyrrolidone–polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a candidate for adjuvant human immunodeficiency virus vaccine delivery owing to its safety and low toxicity in biological systems compared to silver nitrates, which exhibit toxicity at 2 μg/mL 8,28. Erick and Padmanabhan29 showed that AgNPs synthesized by green methods have exhibited high larvicidal and pupicidal activity against the malarial vector Anopheles stephensi .…”

The Effects of Physicochemical Properties of Nanomaterials on Their Cellular Uptake In Vitro and In Vivo

“…We synthesize two types of silver NMs with the same surface modification of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), diameter (60 nm), charge (−11 mV), and size/volume, but different shapes (rod and sphere). By inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy and transmission electron microscope, we observe that the uptake of nanorods by Hela and HUVEC cell lines are far less than nanospheres in a broad concentration range ( Figure ) . Such a result is also indirectly verified in vivo via evaluating the toxicity of NMs that is correlated with NMs cellular uptake.…”

“…There is a linear relationship between the cytotoxicity and the uptake of NM. Reproduced with permission . Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society.…”

“…Regulating the quantity of surface modification is an effective strategy to optimize NMs cellular uptake. In another study from our group, silver‐based NMs are modified by both PVP and PEG . Surface modification of NMs with PEG or PVP is considered to be a real breakthrough to avoid the recognition and phagocytosis of macrophage, thereby improving the retention and prolonging the circulation cycle of NMs in vivo .…”