Polyviologen as a high energy density cathode in magnesium-ion batteries

Ikhe, Amol Bhairuba; Naveen, Nirmalesh; Sohn, Kee‐Sun; Pyo, Myoungho

doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2018.06.142

Cited by 43 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…In contrast to their inorganic counterparts, organic cathodes (e. g., quinone‐based materials) offer less rigid migration pathways for Mg 2+ ions with lower migration barriers, which allow operation at higher rates. However, despite such advantages and the potential tuneability of redox properties in organic cathodes, the stable discharge capacity is usually quite below the theoretical values and the rate capability is limited [16–18] . Therefore, the development of cathode materials with high capacity and cycle life in RMBs remains challenging.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

A Self‐Conditioned Metalloporphyrin as a Highly Stable Cathode for Fast Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries

Abouzari‐Lotf

Azmi

et al. 2021

ChemSusChem

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Development of practical rechargeable Mg batteries (RMBs) is impeded by their limited cycle life and rate performance of cathodes. As demonstrated herein, a copper‐porphyrin with meso‐functionalized ethynyl groups is capable of reversible two‐ and four‐electron storage at an extremely fast rate (tested up to 53 C). The reversible four‐electron redox process with cationic‐anionic contributions resulted in a specific discharge capacity of 155 mAh g−1 at the high current density of 1000 mA g−1. Even at 4000 mA g−1, it still delivered >70 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles, corresponding to an energy density of >92 Wh kg−1 at a high power of >5100 W kg−1. The ability to provide such high‐rate performance and long‐life opens the way to the development of practical cathodes for multivalent metal batteries.

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

A Self‐Conditioned Metalloporphyrin as a Highly Stable Cathode for Fast Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries

Abouzari‐Lotf

Azmi

et al. 2021

ChemSusChem

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“…Thus, both anode and cathode materials must be improved for this battery system. The main eleven categories for the cathode materials are metal selenides [24,74], metal oxides [75][76][77][78][79][80], carbon [81][82][83][84], metal sulfides [85][86][87], Prussian blue [88], Mg-OMS-1 [89], polyoxometalate-(poly)pyrrole [90], MXene [91], metal phosphates [92,93] and magnesium octahedral molecular sieves [94]. Research in anode material is mainly focused on alloys [95][96][97][98].…”

Section: Magnesium-ion Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The carbon cathode will use the possibility of the metallic magnesium anode. After the oxidation of the magnesium at the anode, Mg 2+ ions (0.72 Å) insert between the cathode carbon layers and are reduced [82,84]. The stabilization of the metallic magnesium by the carbon layers reduces the energy state, resulting in the overall energy gain of the system.…”

Section: Carbon-based Materials As Both Anodes and Cathodes In Mg-ionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It does not have a metallic magnesium anode and rather than the magnesium reacting with the cathode material, it is electrostatic interaction that hold it in the material. The best results were obtained using poly(hexyl viologen dichloride) as cathode, magnesium as anode and an all-phenyl-complex electrolyte, containing 1 M AlCl3, 2 M PhMgCl and anhydrous THF solvent [84]. This system delivered a capacity of 171 mAh g −1 at a current density of 17 mA g −1 and shows good cycling stability after initial stabilization.…”

Section: Carbon-based Materials As Both Anodes and Cathodes In Mg-ionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Beyond Lithium-Based Batteries

et al. 2020

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We discuss the latest developments in alternative battery systems based on sodium, magnesium, zinc and aluminum. In each case, we categorize the individual metals by the overarching cathode material type, focusing on the energy storage mechanism. Specifically, sodium-ion batteries are the closest in technology and chemistry to today’s lithium-ion batteries. This lowers the technology transition barrier in the short term, but their low specific capacity creates a long-term problem. The lower reactivity of magnesium makes pure Mg metal anodes much safer than alkali ones. However, these are still reactive enough to be deactivated over time. Alloying magnesium with different metals can solve this problem. Combining this with different cathodes gives good specific capacities, but with a lower voltage (<1.3 V, compared with 3.8 V for Li-ion batteries). Zinc has the lowest theoretical specific capacity, but zinc metal anodes are so stable that they can be used without alterations. This results in comparable capacities to the other materials and can be immediately used in systems where weight is not a problem. Theoretically, aluminum is the most promising alternative, with its high specific capacity thanks to its three-electron redox reaction. However, the trade-off between stability and specific capacity is a problem. After analyzing each option separately, we compare them all via a political, economic, socio-cultural and technological (PEST) analysis. The review concludes with recommendations for future applications in the mobile and stationary power sectors.

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“…The battery can deliver an average discharge specific capacity of 100 mAh g −1 in 100 cycles at a current density of 130 mA g −1 , which exhibited the excellent cycling performance. Pyo and co-workers [143] prepared an organic material, poly(hexyl viologen dichloride) (PHV-Cl), as cathode material for RMBs. When pairing with Mg metal as anode in APC electrolyte, PHV-Cl could realize reversible insertion/extraction behaviors for Mg 2+ ions with the valence-state change on viologen units.…”

Section: Organic Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure Characteristics of Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries

Han

Wang

et al. 2019

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Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) that use pure Mg or Mg alloy as anode and materials allowing Mg ions to insert/extract as cathode have many advantages such as high energy density, environmental friendliness, low cost, and safety of handling. RMBs are regarded as a promising candidate for portable power sources and heavy load energy devices. However, there are still some technological issues impeding their commercial application. The most important issue is the absence of applicable cathode materials because of the high charge density, strong polarization effect, and very slow insertion/extraction speed of Mg2+ ions. In recent years, the research reports on the cathode materials of RMBs have increased significantly. Here, an extensive number of research papers are reviewed in terms of the microstructure characteristics of cathode materials for RMBs. The status and issues of cathode materials are analyzed and discussed in detail. The future development directions and perspectives are prospected for providing an understanding of the related research activities on RMBs.

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Polyviologen as a high energy density cathode in magnesium-ion batteries

Cited by 43 publications

References 46 publications

A Self‐Conditioned Metalloporphyrin as a Highly Stable Cathode for Fast Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries

A Self‐Conditioned Metalloporphyrin as a Highly Stable Cathode for Fast Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries

Beyond Lithium-Based Batteries

Microstructure Characteristics of Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries

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