Ponceau polymer film for electrocatalytic sensing of levodopa in human serum, urine, and pharmaceutical formulation

Unprecedented and laborless polymer film of azorubin S for electrocatalytic sensing of nicotine in human serum and saliva

“…The SEM images of aPGE and pAzRS/aPGE are displayed in Figure S1. Consistent with earlier research [27][28][29][30], aPGE exhibits a more grooved and uneven structure (Figure S1A), while the surface appears smoother post-electropolymerization (Figure S1B). The EDX spectra of aPGE and pAzRS/aPGE are presented in Figure S2.…”

“…In comparison to aPGE, PGE yields a 76 % higher current density, and in pAzRS/aPGE, a 280 % higher current density is achieved compared to aPGE. Thus, these findings confirm that the developed pAzRS film remarkably enhances the catalytic impact on the oxidation of nicotine akin to our former studies [27][28][29][30].…”

“…The XPS analyses aimed to offer deeper comprehension into the electropolymerization mechanism taking place on the surface of aPGE as demonstrated in Figure 3. Previous XPS characterizations of aPGE exhibited the predominant amount of carbon and oxygen, occasionally detecting aluminum from the composition of pencil graphite [27][28][29][30]. In particular, the detected bonds at 284.5 and 285.1 eV belong to the CÀ C and C=C structures through the pAzRS film.…”

“…The Na 1S peak detected at 1071.6 eV is a result of sodium ions probably diffused into the pAzRS film from the AzRS salt (Figure 3a II ). However, the most convincing proof for the electrochemical polymerization process is the emergence of N 1S and S 2p peaks in the XPS analyses [27][28][29][30]. Specifically, the N 1S spectrum shows the F I G U R E 3 XPS spectra for pAzRS/aPGE.…”

“…They provide numerous advantages involving enhanced sensitivity, high selectivity and stability, versatility, reusability, fast response, tunable properties, miniaturization and portability, straightforward manufacturing, reduced interference effect, excellent biocompatibility, signal amplification, and compatibility with various electrochemical techniques [23][24][25][26]. As a result, researchers are continuously exploring and developing novel polymer materials and modification approaches to further improve these electrodes for sensor development [27][28][29][30]. Our research motivation stems from the desire to address several restraints present in the literature.…”