Poor Uptake of MMR Vaccine 1-year Post-Measles Outbreak: New York City and Israel

Paret, Michal; Trillo, Rebecca; Lighter, Jennifer; Youngster, Ilan; Ratner, Adam J.; Madan, Rebecca Pellett

doi:10.1093/jpids/piac026

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Additionally, increasing globalization and international travel enables the rapid transmission of measles and further propagation of outbreaks in under-vaccinated communities in different countries [38][39][40][41]. While vaccination campaigns during outbreaks are traditionally successful [18], the sustainability of immunization coverage rates is less so [42].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Case Ascertainment of Measles during a Large Outbreak—Laboratory Compared to Epidemiological Confirmation

Stein-Zamir,

Abramson,

Sokolov

et al. 2024

Diagnostics

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Measles is a highly contagious viral disease, and hence, sufficient herd immunity is obligatory to prevent infection transmission. Measles is still a cause of considerable disease burden globally, mainly in children. During a national measles outbreak in Israel in 2018–2019, the peak incidence rates occurred in the Jerusalem district. Most measles cases in the Jerusalem district (75.5%, 1702) were observed in children younger than 15 years of age, 49.2% (1109) were in children under 5 years of age, and 18.9% (425) were in infants under 1 year of age. The routine measles vaccination schedule includes two doses at 1 and 6 years of age. Most cases (1828, 81.1%) were unvaccinated (zero measles vaccine doses). These cases comprised the 425 affected infants under 1 year of age, who were ineligible for vaccination, along with the 1403 children over 1 year of age, who were otherwise unvaccinated. This study aimed to describe the epidemiologic and laboratory features of this measles outbreak, and to investigate case ascertainment (laboratory confirmed compared to epidemiologically confirmed cases). The study population included 2254 measles cases notified during the period spanning June 2018 to May 2019 in the Jerusalem district (incidence rate 176 per 10,000 population). Of the 2254 cases, 716 (31.8%) were laboratory confirmed, and 1538 (68.2%) were confirmed as epidemiologically linked. Most laboratory confirmed cases (420, 58.7%) underwent real-time PCR tests. Serological tests (measles IgM and IgG) were used in 189 (26.4%) cases, and a combination of RT-PCR and serology was used in 107 (14.9%) cases. In a multivariate model analysis, the variables significantly associated (after adjustment) with higher odds for laboratory confirmation included month of disease onset (late), additional measles cases in the household (single case), place of medical treatment (hospital; either emergency department, or hospitalization) and vaccination status (at least one prior vaccine dose). The measles outbreak described demonstrates the urgency of addressing vaccination gaps with appropriate outbreak prevention programs. The road to measles elimination needs to be paved with robust public health infrastructure, excellent field epidemiology for outbreak surveillance, investigation, and control, and laboratory proficiency.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Case Ascertainment of Measles during a Large Outbreak—Laboratory Compared to Epidemiological Confirmation

Stein-Zamir,

Abramson,

Sokolov

et al. 2024

Diagnostics

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“…In 2008, an imported case of measles to San Diego, California from Switzerland resulted in an epidemic of measles and the greatest risk factor among those exposed for developing infection was ‘intentional under-vaccination (75%)’ [25]. Further, between 2018 and 2019 in New York City, there were 649 cases of measles [26], and of these, 63% developed in unvaccinated children [27]. In some states, the immunization rate in children has dropped 40% likely because of the COVID-19 lockdown.…”

Section: Barriers To Vaccine Uptake Vaccine Hesitancy and Declining G...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Endemic, epidemic and pandemic infections: the roles of natural and acquired herd immunity

Stevens

Bryant

2023

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases

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Purpose of reviewThis review summarizes the general concepts of innate and acquired immunity, including vaccine use and hesitancy, as they relate to reduction of the global burden of highly communicable infectious diseases.Recent findingsVaccination to increase herd immunity remains the cornerstone of disease prevention worldwide yet global vaccination goals are not being met. Modern obstacles to vaccine acceptance include hesitancy, reduced altruistic intentions, impact of COVID-19, distrust of science and governmental agencies as well as recent geopolitical and environmental disasters. Together, such barriers have negatively impacted immunization rates worldwide, resulting in epidemics and pandemics of serious life-threatening infections from vaccine-preventable diseases, especially those affecting children. In addition, pathogens thought to be controlled or eradicated are reemerging with new genetic traits, making them more able to evade natural and acquired immunity, including that induced by available vaccines. Lastly, many serious and widespread infectious diseases await development and utilization of efficacious vaccines.SummaryThe global burden of communicable diseases remains high, necessitating continued pathogen surveillance as well as vaccine development, deployment and continued efficacy testing. Equally important is the need to educate aggressively the people and their leaders on the benefits of vaccination to the individual, local community and the human population as a whole.

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In Silico Protein Structure Analysis for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Using Deep Learning

Matsuzaka

Yashiro

2023

BioMedInformatics

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Protein three-dimensional structural analysis using artificial intelligence is attracting attention in various fields, such as the estimation of vaccine structure and stability. In particular, when using the spike protein in vaccines, the major issues in the construction of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are their weak abilities to attack the virus and elicit immunity for a short period. Structural information about new viruses is essential for understanding their properties and creating effective vaccines. However, determining the structure of a protein through experiments is a lengthy and laborious process. Therefore, a new computational approach accelerated the elucidation process and made predictions more accurate. Using advanced machine learning technology called deep neural networks, it has become possible to predict protein structures directly from protein and gene sequences. We summarize the advances in antiviral therapy with the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and extracellular vesicles via computational analysis.

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Poor Uptake of MMR Vaccine 1-year Post-Measles Outbreak: New York City and Israel

Cited by 3 publications

References 26 publications

Case Ascertainment of Measles during a Large Outbreak—Laboratory Compared to Epidemiological Confirmation

Case Ascertainment of Measles during a Large Outbreak—Laboratory Compared to Epidemiological Confirmation

Endemic, epidemic and pandemic infections: the roles of natural and acquired herd immunity

In Silico Protein Structure Analysis for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Using Deep Learning

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