Poorer Sleep Health is Associated With Altered Brain Activation During Cognitive Control Processing in Healthy Adults

Abstract

This study investigated how proactive and reactive cognitive control processing in the brain was associated with habitual sleep health. BOLD fMRI data was acquired from 81 healthy adults with normal sleep (41 females, age 20.96 - 39.58 years) during a test of cognitive control ("Not-X CPT"). Sleep health was assessed in the week before MRI scanning, using both objective (actigraphy) and self-report measures. Multiple measures indicating poorer sleep health - including later/more variable sleep timing, later chronotype preference, more insomnia symptoms and lower sleep efficiency - were associated with stronger and more widespread BOLD activations (adjusted for age, sex, education, and fMRI task performance). Poorer sleep health was predominantly associated with stronger reactive cognitive control activation, indicating an overall "hyper-reactive" brain state. Analysis of time-on-task effects showed that, with longer time on task, poorer sleep health was predominantly associated with increased proactive cognitive control activation, indicating recruitment of more neural resources over time. Finally, shorter objective sleep duration was associated with poorer task performance and lower BOLD activation with time on task. In conclusion, even in normal sleepers, relatively poorer sleep health is associated with altered cognitive control processing, possibly reflecting compensatory mechanisms and / or inefficient neural processing.