Pope Leo XII’s death: the twist to a longstanding dispute by novel historical documents and paleopathographic analysis

Abstract

Although the practice of autopsy on the Pope's corpse was performed from the 16 th century, autopsy reports are only rarely analysed, and never with the aim of investigating the real causes of the death from a concomitant medical and historical point of view. Here, for the first time, we report on the discovery of new unpublished documents from the Vatican Secret Archives and their investigation by a scientific and inter-disciplinary approach. This analysis allows us to draw new conclusions on the true cause of Leo XII's mysterious death. His sudden death, that occurred on February 10 th , 1829 after a short illness, particularly struck the public. Suspicions of poisoning or surgeon's guilt or inexperience and even the shadow of a venereal disease, contributed to create a "black legend" on his pontificate and death. On the contrary, the present paleopathographic analysis points toward a new conclusion. The regular use of catheterization with a silver syringe provided an easy access for bacterial superinfection, confirmed by the observed early emphysematous stage of the corpse. So, the most substantiated hypothesis concerning the cause of Leo XII's death indicates a severe form of sepsis, exacerbated by a weakened state due to chronic hemorrhoids.

The Friar with the Crutch: A Pictorial Hint of the Stroke Suffered by Bernardino da Fossa (1420–1503)

“…Since then, his skeletal remains have rested in the convent of Sant’Angelo. The first canonical recognition of his body dates back to March 26, 1828, when his cult was approved ab immemorabili by Pope Leo XII who proclaimed him Blessed [8, 10]. A second recognition took place in 1928 during the celebrations for the first centenary of his beatification [5], and the last one was performed in 1980.…”