Popliteal vein entrapment caused by the third head of the gastrocnemius muscle

Iwai, Takehisa; Sato, Shoji; Yamada, Takatsugu; Muraoka, Yukihiko; Sakurazawa, Kenichi; Kinoshita, Haruyuki; Inoue, Yasuhiro; Endo, Mitsuo; Yoshida, Tatsuya; Suzuki, Shizuka

doi:10.1002/bjs.1800741117

Cited by 55 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…A third head of the human gastrocnemius occurs in 4%, 17 and different types exist. 2 In the present study a substantial thickness of the third head was measured (i.e., 30% of GM thickness).…”

Section: Sources Of Errors Of L (Fasc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomical information is needed in ultrasound imaging of muscle to avoid potentially substantial errors in measurement of muscle geometry

et al. 2009

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This study validates two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound measurements of muscle geometry of the human medial gastrocnemius (GM) and investigates effects of probe orientation on errors in these measurements. Ultrasound scans of GM muscle belly were made both on human cadavers (n = 4) and on subjects in vivo (n = 5). For half of the cadavers, ultrasound scans obtained according to commonly applied criteria of probe orientation deviated 15 degrees from the true fascicle plane. This resulted in errors of fascicle length and fascicle angle up to 14% and 23%, respectively. Fascicle-like structures were detectable over a wide range of probe tilt and rotation angles, but they did not always represent true fascicles. Errors of measurement were either linear or quadratic functions of tilt angle. Similar results were found in vivo. Therefore, we conclude that similar errors are likely to occur for in vivo measurements. For all cadavers, at the distal end of GM, the true fascicle plane was shown to be perpendicular to the distal aponeurosis. Using transverse images of GM to detect the curvature of the deep aponeurosis at the distal end of the muscle belly is a simple strategy to help identify the fascicle plane. For subsequent longitudinal imaging, probe alignment within this plane will help minimize measurement errors of fascicle length, fascicle angle, and muscle thickness. Muscle Nerve, 2009.

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Section: Sources Of Errors Of L (Fasc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomical information is needed in ultrasound imaging of muscle to avoid potentially substantial errors in measurement of muscle geometry

et al. 2009

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“…In the popliteal region, popliteal artery or vein-entrapment syndromes are caused by an anomalous third head of the gastrocnemius (Bergman et al 1995;Connell 1978;Insua et al 1970;Iwai et al 1987;Liu et al 2005). All The innervating nerve to the abnormal muscle (black arrowhead) branched from the lateral sural cutaneous nerve these authors described the anomalous third head as a muscle arising from the posterior surface of the femur, running obliquely and inferiorly, and inserting into the medial or the lateral head of the gastrocnemius.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An abnormal muscle in the superficial region of the popliteal fossa

Kim

Shin

et al. 2009

Anat Sci Int

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An abnormal muscle was observed in the superficial region of the popliteal fossa during a dissection procedure conducted for medical students. This abnormal muscle originated from the biceps femoris tendon and inserted into the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle. The innervating nerve branched from the lateral sural cutaneous nerve. The distributing artery arose from a branch of the sural artery. This abnormal muscle mostly comprised one sheet of muscle mass (not tendon type) and ran transversely.

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“…It was first described by Kelch (1, 5). The existence frequency of the third head was reported as 1.7%-5.5% (2, 7). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both of them show numerous variations in the origin and/or insertion. Each of the gastrocnemius tertius (GCT) (1, 2) and the accessory soleus (AS) muscles (3-6) has been reported by many authors, however, there is no report on their co-existence. Present report describes this co-existence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Co-existence of the Gastrocnemius Tertius and Accessory Soleus Muscles

2011

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A bilateral gastrocnemius tertius muscle and a unilateral accessory soleus muscle were encountered during the routine educational dissection studies. The right gastrocnemius tertius muscle consisted of one belly, but the left one of two bellies. On the left side, the superficial belly of the gastrocnemius tertius muscle had its origin from an area just above the tendon of the plantaris muscle, the deep belly from the tendon of the plantaris muscle. The accessory soleus muscle originated from the posteromedial aspect of the tibia and soleal line of the tibia and inserted to the medial surface of the calcaneus. On the right side, the gastrocnemius tertius muscle had its origin from the lateral condyle of the femur, and inserted to the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle. The co-existence of both gastrocnemius tertius and accessory soleus muscle has not, to our knowledge, been previously reported.

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Popliteal vein entrapment caused by the third head of the gastrocnemius muscle

Cited by 55 publications

References 8 publications

Anatomical information is needed in ultrasound imaging of muscle to avoid potentially substantial errors in measurement of muscle geometry

Anatomical information is needed in ultrasound imaging of muscle to avoid potentially substantial errors in measurement of muscle geometry

An abnormal muscle in the superficial region of the popliteal fossa

The Co-existence of the Gastrocnemius Tertius and Accessory Soleus Muscles

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