Population biology of entomopathogenic nematodes: Concepts, issues, and models

Stuart, Robin J.; Barbercheck, Mary E.; Grewal, Parwinder S.; Taylor, R. A. J.; Hoy, Casey W.

doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.09.019

Cited by 117 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…Natural populations persist for years, and the patchy nature of the distribution within and between sites is consistent with the metapopulation concept (Stuart et al, 2006). An endemic population of H. marelatus persisted at high incidence at some but not all sites at Bodega Bay, California, and factors affecting the probability of persistence included local variation in abiotic conditions and metapopulation dynamics (Ram, Gruner, McLaughlin, Preisser, & Strong, 2008;.…”

Section: Persistence and Spread Of Populationssupporting

confidence: 70%

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Behaviour and Population Dynamics of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Following Application

Griffin

2015

Nematode Pathogenesis of Insects and Other Pests

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Section: Persistence and Spread Of Populationssupporting

confidence: 70%

“…There are already several extensive reviews relevant to the subject, including EPN behaviour and their fate in soil (e.g. Griffin, 2012;Kaya, 2002;Lewis, Campbell, Griffin, Kaya, & Peters, 2006;Stuart, Barbercheck, Grewal, Taylor, & Hoy, 2006;see also Chap. 4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behaviour and Population Dynamics of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Following Application

Griffin

2015

Nematode Pathogenesis of Insects and Other Pests

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“…Several factors probably limit the frequency with which two species of EPN find themselves in the same host in nature, including differing host preferences, foraging strategy or preferences for certain soil properties or depths Millar and Barbercheck, 2001;Spiridonov et al, 2007;Puza and Mracek, 2010;. Moreover, EPN populations are highly aggregated (Stuart et al, 2006), which reduces the probability of parasites co-occurring within hosts (Stuart et al, 2006), and the ephemeral nature of an infected host further reduces the probability of two species coinciding. While we have focused on the interaction between Steinernema spp., free-living bactivorous nematodes may also colonise insect cadavers and represent another class of competitor (Duncan et al, 2003a,b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While we have focused on the interaction between Steinernema spp., free-living bactivorous nematodes may also colonise insect cadavers and represent another class of competitor (Duncan et al, 2003a,b). However, the importance of interspecific competition in shaping Steinernema communities or evolutionary strategies is unknown (Stuart et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interference competition in entomopathogenic nematodes: male Steinernema kill members of their own and other species

O’Callaghan

Zenner

Hartley

et al. 2014

International Journal for Parasitology

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a b s t r a c tThere is evidence of competition within and between helminth species, but the mechanisms involved are not well described. In interference competition, organisms prevent each other from using the contested resource through direct negative interactions, either chemical or physical. Steinernema spp. are entomopathogenic nematodes; they enter a living insect host which they kill and consume with the aid of symbiotic bacteria. Several studies have demonstrated intra-and interspecific competition in Steinernema, mediated by a scramble for resources and by incompatibility of the bacterial symbiont. Here we describe a mechanism by which male Steinernema may compete directly for resources, both food (host) and females, by physically injuring or killing members of another species as well as males of their own species. A series of experiments was conducted in hanging drops of insect haemolymph. Males of each of four species (Steinernema longicaudum, Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema kraussei and Steinernema feltiae), representing three of the five phylogenetic clades of the genus, killed each other. Within 48 h, up to 86% of pairs included at least one dead male, compared with negligible mortality in single male controls. There was evidence of intraspecific difference: one strain of S. feltiae (4CFMO) killed while another (UK76) did not. Males also killed both females and males of other Steinernema spp. There was evidence of a hierarchy of killing, with highest mortality due to S. longicaudum followed by S. carpocapsae, S. kraussei and S. feltiae. Wax moth larvae were co-infected with members of two Steinernema spp. to confirm that killing also takes place in the natural environment of an insect cadaver. When insects were co-infected with one infective juvenile of each species, S. longicaudum males killed both S. feltiae UK76 and Steinernema hermaphroditum. Wax moths co-infected with larger, equal numbers of S. longicaudum and S. feltiae UK76 produced mainly S. longicaudum progeny, as expected based on hanging drop experiments. Ó

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“…However, persistence in our experiment declined sharply over time as evidenced by a large decrease in the number of dead rootworm exposed to pathogen-treated soil 28 days after soil inoculation, compared to mortality from those exposed to pathogen-treated soil 1 day after inoculation (see Materials and methods). Populations of naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes generally are stable and not characterized by rapid rates of decline over time (Stuart et al, 2006;Meyling & Eilenberg, 2007;Sun et al, 2008;Hussein et al, 2010;Scheepmaker & Butt, 2010;Campos-Herrera et al, 2011). Thus, initial inoculation rates in our experiment were likely higher than what is found in nature, but persistence was likely lower than that of naturally occurring entomopathogens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Tritrophic interactions amongBtmaize, an insect pest and entomopathogens: effects on development and survival of western corn rootworm

Petzold-Maxwell

Jaronski

Gassmann

2011

Annals of Applied Biology

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Agricultural systems often provide a model for testing ecological hypotheses, while ecological theory can enable more effective pest management. One of the best examples of this is the interaction between host-plant resistance and natural enemies. With the advent of crops that are genetically modified to produce insecticidal toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a new form of host-plant resistance has been introduced to agroecosystems. How Bt crops interact with natural enemies, especially insect pathogens in below-ground systems, is not well understood, but provides a unique opportunity to study below-ground tritrophic interactions. In this study, we used two species of entomopathogenic fungi and three species of entomopathogenic nematodes to determine how this community of soil-borne natural enemies might interact with Bt maize (event 59122, expressing the insecticidal protein Cry34/35Ab1) to affect survival and development of western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera), which is an obligate root feeder and a serious pest of maize. We ran two experiments, one in a greenhouse and one in a growth chamber. Both experiments consisted of a fully crossed design with two maize treatments (Bt maize and non-Bt maize) and two entomopathogen treatments (present or absent). The community of entomopathogens significantly increased mortality of western corn rootworm, and Bt maize increased larval developmental time and mortality. Entomopathogens and Bt maize acted in an independent and additive manner, with both factors increasing the mortality of western corn rootworm. Results from this study suggest that entomopathogens may complement host-plant resistance from Bt crops. RightsWorks produced by employees of the U.S. Government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the U.S. The content of this document is not copyrighted. AbstractAgricultural systems often provide a model for testing ecological hypotheses, while ecological theory can enable more effective pest management. One of the best examples of this is the interaction between host-plant resistance and natural enemies. With the advent of crops that are genetically modified to produce insecticidal toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a new form of host-plant resistance has been introduced to agroecosystems. How Bt crops interact with natural enemies, especially insect pathogens in belowground systems, is not well understood, but provides a unique opportunity to study below-ground tritrophic interactions. In this study, we used two species of entomopathogenic fungi and three species of entomopathogenic nematodes to determine how this community of soil-borne natural enemies might interact with Bt maize (event 59122, expressing the insecticidal protein Cry34/35Ab1) to affect survival and development of western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera), which is an obligate root feeder and a serious pest of maize. We ran two experiments, one in a greenhouse and one in a growth chamber. Both e...

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Population biology of entomopathogenic nematodes: Concepts, issues, and models

Cited by 117 publications

References 123 publications

Behaviour and Population Dynamics of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Following Application

Behaviour and Population Dynamics of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Following Application

Interference competition in entomopathogenic nematodes: male Steinernema kill members of their own and other species

Tritrophic interactions amongBtmaize, an insect pest and entomopathogens: effects on development and survival of western corn rootworm

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