Population characteristics associated with pharmacy-based influenza vaccination in United States survey data

Inguva, Sushmitha; Sautter, Jessica M.; Chun, Grace J.; Patterson, Brandon J.; McGhan, William F.

doi:10.1016/j.japh.2017.07.007

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Specifically, studies evaluating the use of pharmacies as alternative vaccination sites by racial-ethnic minority patients suggest Black adults have lower acceptance of receiving vaccinations within this setting compared with White patients, with findings for Hispanic adults conflicting. 90 , 91 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Adult Vaccination: A Review of the State of Evidence

et al. 2022

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Background Adult vaccination coverage remains low in the United States, particularly among racial and ethnic minority populations. Objective To conduct a comprehensive literature review of research studies assessing racial and ethnic disparities in adult vaccination. Search Methods We conducted a search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, and reference lists of relevant articles. Selection Criteria Research studies were eligible for inclusion if they met the following criteria: (1) study based in the United States, (2) evaluated receipt of routine immunizations in adult populations, (3) used within-study comparison of race/ethnic groups, and (4) eligible for at least one author-defined PICO (patient, intervention, comparison, and outcome) question. Data Collection and Analysis Preliminary abstract review was conducted by two authors. Following complete abstraction of articles using a standardized template, abstraction notes and determinations were reviewed by all authors; disagreements regarding article inclusion/exclusion were resolved by majority rule. The Social Ecological Model framework was used to complete a narrative review of observational studies to summarize factors associated with disparities; a systematic review was used to evaluate eligible intervention studies. Results Ninety-five studies were included in the final analysis and summarized qualitatively within two main topic areas: (1) factors associated with documented racial-ethnic disparities in adult vaccination and (2) interventions aimed to reduce disparities or to improve vaccination coverage among racial-ethnic minority groups. Of the 12 included intervention studies, only 3 studies provided direct evidence and were of Level II, fair quality; the remaining 9 studies met the criteria for indirect evidence (Level I or II, fair or poor quality). Conclusions A considerable amount of observational research evaluating factors associated with racial and ethnic disparities in adult vaccination is available. However, intervention studies aimed at reducing these disparities are limited, are of poor quality, and insufficiently address known reasons for low vaccination uptake among racial and ethnic minority adults.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Adult Vaccination: A Review of the State of Evidence

et al. 2022

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“…In the US, pharmacists have been allowed to vaccinate in all fifty states since 2009 and about 20% of all influenza vaccines are given in pharmacies and other stores 28,29 . Vaccination by pharmacists is relatively new in Australia and may become more common as people become more familiar or comfortable with the service 30 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacy, workplace or primary care? Where Australian adults get their influenza vaccines

Trent

Salmon

MacIntyre

2021

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

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Objective: To estimate the proportion of influenza vaccines administered in non‐medical settings in Australia in 2019 and identify factors associated with vaccination site. Methods: We surveyed 1,444 Australian adults online in October 2019. To identify factors associated with vaccination site, we used Pearson's chi‐square test. We used thematic analysis to describe responses to the question, ‘Please explain why you chose to get vaccinated there’. Results: Most participants (73%) received the influenza vaccine in a medical setting, while 13% received it at a pharmacy and 14% at their workplace. Being vaccinated in pharmacy was associated with being under 65 years of age (p<0.01), marital status (p=0.01), and not having a high‐risk comorbidity (p<0.01). Workplace vaccination was associated with being under 65 (p<0.01), household income (p<0.01), not having a regular general physician/practice (p=0.01), having private insurance (p<0.01), and not having a high‐risk comorbidity (p<0.01). There was no association between site of vaccination and first‐time vaccination (p=0.71, p=0.22). Conclusions: Despite new policies allowing pharmacists to administer influenza vaccines, most Australian adults are still vaccinated in medical settings. Pharmacy and workplace vaccination settings were more common among younger adults without high‐risk comorbidities. Implications for public health: Workplaces, pharmacies and other non‐medical settings may provide an opportunity to increase influenza vaccination among healthy, working‐age adults who might otherwise forego annual vaccination. Pharmacies may also provide a convenient location for the rollout of the COVID‐19 vaccine, particularly in medically underserved areas.

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“…Pharmacies tend to vaccinate individuals with a higher income 19,20 , higher education 20,21 and younger populations 14 . Other traits such as being immigrant 19,22 , having diabetes or hypertension 19 and having a high number of chronic diseases 21 meant individuals were more likely to obtain their vaccine in a physician's o ce. As de nitions of vulnerable populations are multiple and go beyond clinical condition factors, understanding what characteristics pharmacists perceive as vulnerable remains key.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccine Promotion Strategies in Community Pharmacy Addressing Vulnerable Populations: a Scoping Review

Chadi

Thirion

David

2023

Preprint

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Context: Social determinants of health drivers of vaccine inequity and leading to higher risks of complication from infectious diseases in under vaccinated communities. In many countries, pharmacists have gained the rights to prescribe and administer vaccines, which contributes in improve vaccination rates. Little is however known on how they define and target vulnerable communities. Objective: The purpose of this study is to describe how vulnerable communities are targeted in community pharmacies. Methods: We performed a systematic search of the Embase and Medline database in August 2021 inspired by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocols (PRISMA ScR). Articles in English, French or Spanish addressing any vaccine in a community pharmacy context and that target a population defined as vulnerable were screened for inclusion. Results: A total of 1039 articles were identified through the initial search and 63 articles met the inclusion criteria. The vast majority of the literature originated from the North America (n = 54, 86%) and was addressed influenza vaccination (n = 29, 46%), pneumonia (n = 14, 22%), herpes zoster (n = 14, 22%) or human papilloma virus (n = 14, 22%). Lifecycle vulnerabilities (n = 48, 76%) such as age and pregnancy were most often used to target vulnerable patients followed by clinical factors (n = 18, 29%), socio-economical determinants (n = 16, 25%) and geographical vulnerabilities (n = 7, 11%). The most frequently listed strategy was providing a strong recommendation for vaccination, promotional posters in pharmacy, distributing leaflet/bag stuffers and providing staff training. A total of 24 barriers and 25 facilitators were identified. The main barriers associated to each vulnerable category were associated to effective promotional strategies to overcome them. Conclusion: Pharmacists prioritize lifecycle and clinical vulnerability at the expense of narrowing down the definition of vulnerability. Some vulnerable groups are also under targeted in pharmacies. A wide variety of promotional strategies are available to pharmacies in order to overcome the specific barriers experienced by various groups.

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Population characteristics associated with pharmacy-based influenza vaccination in United States survey data

Cited by 19 publications

References 29 publications

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Adult Vaccination: A Review of the State of Evidence

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Adult Vaccination: A Review of the State of Evidence

Pharmacy, workplace or primary care? Where Australian adults get their influenza vaccines

Vaccine Promotion Strategies in Community Pharmacy Addressing Vulnerable Populations: a Scoping Review

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