Population Dynamics of Microalgae in the Upper Land‐fast Sea Ice at a Snow‐free Location

Stoecker, Diane K.; Gustafson, Daniel E.; Black, Megan M. D.; Baier, Christine T.

doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.1998.340060.x

Cited by 59 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The second chl a biomass increase observed in the ice bottom layer in OctoberNovember just before ice-breakup was lower than that observed during the autumn. Such spring biomass increases have been previously reported (Palmisano & Sullivan 1983, Garrison et al 1987, Watanabe et al 1990, Syvertsen & Kristiansen 1993, Stoecker et al 1998. A concomitant increase of chl a biomass in the sea ice and in the underlying surface water during this period was observed.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

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Spatial and seasonal heterogeneity of sea ice microbial communities in the first-year ice of Terre Adélie area (Antarctica)

Fiala¹,

Kuosa²,

Kopczyńska³

et al. 2006

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

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Spatial and temporal changes in sea ice microbial communities were investigated at 4 stations located along a south-north transect on the land-fast ice of Dumont d'Urville station area (Adélie Land, 66°40' S, 141°01' E) during the ice coverage period (April to December). A seasonal pattern was observed in microalgae, bacteria and protozoan abundance distribution. A maximum chlorophyll a concentration occurred during fall ice formation in the surface layer with the highest values at the near-shore station (100 to 215 µg l -1 ). A second maximum was observed before ice breaking in the bottom ice (50 to 90 µg l -1 ). Microalgal communities were dominated by diatoms (> 86% of the total cells), mainly represented by Fragilariopsis, Nitzschia, Navicula and Pseudonitzschia species. Fragilariopsis curta was the dominant species during the first bloom whereas Fragilariopsis cylindrus, Nitzschia longissima and Tropidoneis sp. were the main contributors during the second bloom at the bottom ice core. Maximum protozoan abundance was recorded during the fall bloom in the surface layer with dominance of ciliates, which contributed more than 75% of total cell numbers. During this period, the maximum ciliate abundance was associated with the maximum bacteria and diatom numbers and microalgal biomass. The dramatic decrease of the ice algal biomass from south to north paralleled that of the underlying water phytoplankton available for new ice incorporation. The spatial algal biomass decrease could explain the parallel decrease in the abundance of bacteria and heterotrophic ciliates through trophic interactions. KEY WORDS: Antarctica · Land-fast ice · Microbial communities · Chlorophyll a · Nutrients Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherAquat Microb Ecol 43: [95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106] 2006 (Watanabe et , Garrison & Buck 1991, Archer et al. 1996, McMinn 1996, Moro et al. 2000, Riaux-Gobin et al. 2000. However, phytoflagellates are often dominant during spring in the upper sea ice (Stoecker et al. 1997(Stoecker et al. , 1998. Sea ice contains a wide variety of bacterial assemblages. Most bacteria isolated from sea ice have been found to be pigmented and highly coldadapted, with both free-living and epiphytic bacteria present (Grossi et al. 1984). Most taxa isolated from sea ice belong to the γ-proteobacteria and the CytophagaFlavobacterium-Bacteroides division (Bowman et al. 1997, Gozink et al. 1998, Junge et al. 1998, Nichols et al. 1999, Reddy et al. 2002. 16S rDNA clone library analysis corroborated these culture data (Brown & Bowman 2001). Heterotrophic protozoa are also present in sea ice (Garrison & Buck 1991, Stoecker et al. 1993, Song & Wilbert 2002 and are mainly composed of ciliates, nanoflagellates and dinoflagellates (Archer et al. 1996, Garrison et al. 2005). They play a major role in the removal of algal and bacterial biomass in Antarctic waters (Becquevort et al. 2000, Caron et al. 2000, Vaqué et al. 2004. Despite the lack of data on th...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…However, phytoflagellates are often dominant during spring in the upper sea ice (Stoecker et al 1997(Stoecker et al , 1998. Sea ice contains a wide variety of bacterial assemblages.…”

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and seasonal heterogeneity of sea ice microbial communities in the first-year ice of Terre Adélie area (Antarctica)

Fiala¹,

Kuosa²,

Kopczyńska³

et al. 2006

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

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“…ARC could be an important early colonizer of sea ice. As the season progresses, sea-ice communities develop, with diatoms dominating the bottom of the ice and phototrophic dinoflagellates and chrysophytes occupying the upper portion of the ice (Stoecker et al 1998). In spring and summer, a stable layer of low-salinity and low-density meltwater forms under melting sea ice and provides a transient habitat capable of supporting ephemeral blooms of green algae such as Pyramimonas sp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and growth response to temperature and salinity of psychrophilic, halotolerant Chlamydomonas sp. ARC isolated from Chukchi Sea ice

Eddie

Krembs

Neuer

2008

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Sea ice provides a habitat for a diverse community of microorganisms, which comprise a substantial portion of primary production in ice-covered seas. Organisms immured in sea ice have to withstand strong changes in temperature and salinity. We report on the growth rate response to salinity and temperature of the chlorophyte Chlamydomonas sp. ARC, isolated from land-fast sea ice in the Chukchi Sea, Alaska. We found it to be a euryhaline psychrophile capable of growth at temperatures as low as -5°C and at salinities from 2.5 to 100 ‰. The maximum growth rate of 0.41 d -1 (± 0.027) was found at 5°C and a salinity of 30 ‰. The salinity growth range of this organism indicates that it is well adapted to the variable salinity environment associated with brine channels in sea ice, as well as the hypotonic conditions associated with melting ice. Based upon morphology and molecular phylogenetic reconstructions using the 18S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene and the ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (rbcL) gene, this Arctic Chlamydomonas falls into a distinct clade containing other as yet unassigned psychrophilic Chlamydomonas strains isolated from Arctic and Antarctic environments, pointing to a bi-polar distribution of this clade. It is also very closely related to the brackish water mesophile Chlamydomonas kuwadae Gerloff, and is capable of growth above the psychrophilic range in low-salinity medium, indicating that it may represent an intermediate between mesophilic and psychrophilic lifestyles.KEY WORDS: Chlamydomonas · Chlorophyta · Arctic sea ice · Chukchi Sea · Psychrophile · Euryhaline · Phylogeny 354: 107-117, 2008 temperatures, ice algae growing in the brine channels need to be tolerant of widely varying salinities. Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog SerIn physiological studies testing the adaptation of Antarctic ice algae to low temperature and high salinity, Bartsch (1989) found that cell division was observed at temperatures as cold as -5.5°C and a salinity of 90 ‰. Aletsee & Jahnke (1992) reported growth of the marine diatoms Nitzschia frigida Grunow and Thalassiosira antarctica Comber at temperatures as low as -8 and -6°C and at salinities of 145 and 109 ‰, respectively. In general, sea-ice diatoms are often euryhaline and thrive in conditions from 10 to 60 ‰ (Grant & Horner 1976).Diatoms have been the focus of most studies on seaice algae, because they are considered the most abundant phototrophs in sea ice (Horner 1985, Lizotte 2003. Green algae are usually a relatively minor component, but the chlorophyte Chlamydomonas spp. has been found repeatedly in Arctic sea ice (see 'Discussion'). Chlamydomonas species may play a disproportionably large role in the initial colonization of sea ice. Weissenberger (1998) found Chlamydomonas sp. to dominate newly formed ice for the first 3 mo in a tank experiment inoculated with an enrichment culture from sea-ice brine. Despite their ubiquity in Arctic sea ice, most ...

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“…The early evolution of the family Suessiaceae has been related to the evolution of scleractinian corals; a symbiotic life strategy has been hypothesised for the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic representatives (Loeblich III & Sherley 1979, Bucefalo Palliani & Riding 2000. Polarella glacialis, by contrast, is a free-living dinoflagellate which alternates between motile and encysted phases in seasonal, ice-covered, southern polar seas (Stoecker et al 1997(Stoecker et al , 1998. It is a photosynthetic, cryoand halotolerant species, especially abundant in land-fast ice, where vegetative cells are found at low temperatures (21 ‡C to 27 ‡C) and salinity from 20 psu to 140 psu (Stoecker et al 1998, Montresor et al 1999.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Polarella glacialis, by contrast, is a free-living dinoflagellate which alternates between motile and encysted phases in seasonal, ice-covered, southern polar seas (Stoecker et al 1997(Stoecker et al , 1998. It is a photosynthetic, cryoand halotolerant species, especially abundant in land-fast ice, where vegetative cells are found at low temperatures (21 ‡C to 27 ‡C) and salinity from 20 psu to 140 psu (Stoecker et al 1998, Montresor et al 1999.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

UmbriadiniumandPolarella: an example of selectivity in the dinoflagellate fossil record

Palliani

Riding

2003

Grana

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Population Dynamics of Microalgae in the Upper Land‐fast Sea Ice at a Snow‐free Location

Cited by 59 publications

References 23 publications

Spatial and seasonal heterogeneity of sea ice microbial communities in the first-year ice of Terre Adélie area (Antarctica)

Spatial and seasonal heterogeneity of sea ice microbial communities in the first-year ice of Terre Adélie area (Antarctica)

Characterization and growth response to temperature and salinity of psychrophilic, halotolerant Chlamydomonas sp. ARC isolated from Chukchi Sea ice

UmbriadiniumandPolarella: an example of selectivity in the dinoflagellate fossil record

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