Population estimates for biomarkers of exposure to cigarette smoke in adult U.S. cigarette smokers

Abstract

This study estimated the population exposure to cigarette smoke constituents in adult U.S. smokers and identified significant differences between subpopulations. The data may serve as a reference for monitoring the impact of changes in cigarette consumption and the introduction of potentially reduced exposure cigarettes.

Comparison of Exposure to Selected Cigarette Smoke Constituents in Adult Smokers and Nonsmokers in a European, Multicenter, Observational Study

“…In addition, in a model including age, gender, and BMI, BMI cannot be considered to be an independent factor. Similar results, that is, significant effects of BMI on biomarker levels with a similarly small contribution to the overall R 2 , have previously been reported for PCOT and total NNAL (30,31).…”

Relationship between Biomarkers of Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Biomarkers of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Platelet Activation in Adult Cigarette Smokers

“…Detailed aspects of the study design has been previously reported (36,37). The study population was enrolled such that diverse groups would be represented according to a stratification scheme based on smoking status (smokers vs. nonsmokers), 3 stratification variables [gender, age, and body mass index (BMI)], and, for adult smokers, 4 tar delivery categories ( 2.9, 3.0-6.9, 7.0-12.9, and !13.0 mg) based on the smokers' current, regular brand of cigarette smoked.…”

“…Weights of age, gender, BMI, and smoking status were based on the population proportions from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). The population estimates have been published previously (37). Four thousand adult smokers and 1,000 nonsmokers from 39 investigative sites in 31 states across 4 census regions of the United States (northeast, south, midwest, and west) were to be enrolled for the levels of smoke exposure and BOPH comparison.…”

“…Nevertheless, the objective of the current report was to investigate the relationship of tar category and BOE with biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and platelet activation, referred to as BOPHs, using the data from a population-based, multicenter, observational study, the Total Exposure Study (TES; refs. 36,37). The BOE analyzed in this study included nicotine equivalents (NE)-nicotine and its 5 major metabolites (nicotine-N-glucuronide, cotinine and its glucuronide, and trans-3 0 -hydroxycotinine and its glucuronide), which have been estimated to reflect about 90% of the nicotine absorbed (38); 4-methylnitrosamino-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and its glucuronides (total NNAL), which are metabolites of the particulatephase smoke constituent 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), a tobacco-specific nitrosamine; 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and its glucuronides and sulfates, metabolites of pyrene, a surrogate for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; 3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid (3-HPMA), a metabolite of acrolein; monohydroxybutenyl-mercapturic acid (MHBMA), a metabolite of 1,3-butadiene; and carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), a marker of carbon monoxide (CO) exposure.…”

Do brand characteristics contribute significantly to variability in toxicant exposure in smokers? Data from NHANES 2007-2012

“…Marlboro, Newport and Camel are the most heavily advertised cigarette brands and they are the preferred brands among adolescent and young adults, and mentholated cigarettes are marketed heavily towards the African American community [21][22][23][24][25][26]39 . Other studies, including those using NHANES data, have looked at trends in serum cotinine concentrations 40 , as well as differences in serum cotinine levels seen among the major racial ethnic groups, age categories, gender and BMI 6,41,42 . NHANES data has also been used to look at differences in exposure levels for menthol versus non-menthol cigarettes 43 .…”