Population exposure to drought severities under shared socioeconomic pathways scenarios in India

Das, Jew; Das, Subhadarsini; Umamahesh, N. V.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161566

Cited by 16 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…The global demand for fertilizers has been escalating due to the need to enhance agricultural productivity to sustain the ever-growing global population (1,2). Estimates suggest that the world population will reach 9.7 billion by 2050, necessitating a 70% increase in food production compared to current levels (1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Green pathway of Urea Synthesis through Plasma-Ice Interaction: Optimization and Mechanistic Insights with N2 + CO2 and NH3 + CO2 Gas Mixtures

Rathore

2024

Preprint

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This study explores a green pathway for urea synthesis using plasma-ice interaction with gas mixtures of N2 + CO2 and NH3 + CO2. Electrical and optical emission spectroscopy were employed to characterize the plasmas, revealing that urea formation involves complex reactions driven by high-energy species, producing reactive nitrogen and carbon intermediates that further react to form urea. Physicochemical analyses of plasma-treated ice showed increased pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and reduced oxidation-reduction potential (ORP). Optimization of plasma process parameters (gas pressure, applied voltage, and treatment time) was performed to enhance urea formation. Among these parameters, plasma treatment time had the most substantial influence. Increasing treatment time from 20 to 60 minutes significantly impacted physicochemical properties: for N2 + CO2 plasma, pH increased by 21.05%, EC by 184.7%, and ORP decreased by 27.48%; for NH3 + CO2 plasma, pH increased by 27.37%, EC by 239.05%, and ORP decreased by 72.67%, respectively. The study shows that NH3 + CO2 plasma produces a significantly higher concentration of urea (7.7 mg L-1) compared to N2 + CO2 plasma (0.55 mg L-1). This is attributed to the direct availability and reactivity of ammonia, which simplifies reaction pathways and enhances intermediate formation. These findings highlight the potential of plasma-ice interaction as an energy-efficient and environmentally friendly method for urea synthesis, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional processes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Estimates suggest that the world population will reach 9.7 billion by 2050, necessitating a 70% increase in food production compared to current levels (1). The Food and Agriculture Organization predicted in 2016 that the global demand for nitrogen fertilizers would reach 111,591 thousand metric tonnes by 2022 (2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green pathway of Urea Synthesis through Plasma-Ice Interaction: Optimization and Mechanistic Insights with N2 + CO2 and NH3 + CO2 Gas Mixtures

Rathore

2024

Preprint

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“…In the Indian subcontinent, it has been reported that climate extremes including droughts, floods, and heatwaves are becoming more often and severe over time (Pai et al, 2013;Sharma & Mujumdar, 2017). Studies have also shown that the likelihood of these disasters is projected to increase in the future as well (Das et al, 2022b(Das et al, , 2023Mukherjee et al, 2018). All of the studies related to CDHEs have been conducted based on percentile thresholds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi‐index characterization of compound dry hot events in India

Prabhakar,

Mitra,

Varghese

2023

Intl Journal of Climatology

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Compound dry hot events (CDHEs), where hot events and droughts coexist, have received a lot of attention lately due to their catastrophic effects on the economy, environment and human health. In this study, we use two CDHE indices, the Standardized Compound Event Indicator (SCEI) and the Standardized Dry and Hot Index (SDHI), to assess changes in CDHE characteristics (severity, frequency, spatial extent) over the historical past and future CMIP6 simulations across the Indian subcontinent. To understand the role of the drought index selected on CDHE characterization two drought indices namely the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) are employed in the calculation of the CDHE indices. Further, the role of climatic oscillations such as El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), Equatorial Indian Ocean Monsoon Oscillation and Indian Ocean Dipole in modulating CDHE characteristics have also been explored. Results show that SPI and SPEI based CDHE indices exhibit contrasting trends in northern India, while similar trends are observed in southern India in the historical past. Also, more frequent, extended, and severe CDHEs are reported by CDHE indices calculated using SPEI than by SPI. Temperature is found to be the dominant factor contributing to increases in CDHEs in the recent past and ENSO phases significantly modulate the severity and frequency of CDHE events in India. CMIP6 simulations generally report an increase in CDHE events for a 3°C global warming scenario. Overall, our findings show that the choice of the drought index has a greater impact on CDHE characterization than the choice of the CDHE index itself. Results from this study provide useful information towards understanding the risk of CDHEs in India under global warming and urge for the development and implementation of adaptation and mitigation measures.

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Dynamic evolution of meteorological and hydrological droughts under climatic and anthropogenic pressures in water‐scarce regions

Singh,

Solanki,

Sharma

2024

Hydrological Processes

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Climate change and anthropogenic influences amplify drought complexity, entangle non‐stationarity (NS) and further challenge drought comprehension. This study aims to understand the dynamic evolution of drought propagation patterns due to climatic and anthropogenic pressures by assessing the non‐stationary linkages between hydrological variables and drought characteristics. It employs four standardized drought indicators to comprehensively examine the spatio‐temporal evolution of meteorological (MD) and hydrological (HD) drought characteristics. Data from 29 semi‐arid catchments from six river basins in Peninsular India, are analyzed to uncover distinct drought propagation patterns. This study utilizes a novel Non‐overlapping Block‐stratified Random Sampling (NBRS) approach to detect NS in drought characteristics and hydrological variables, shedding light on the underlying drivers of this dynamic behavior. The results indicate similarities in drought behavior for the Sabarmati, Mahi and Tapi (SMT) basins compared with the Godavari, Krishna and Pennar (GKP) basins, with shorter (longer) propagation times noted for SMT (GKP) basins. While HD severity decreases over time in SMT basins, it intensifies in GKP basins, which are linked to intensive anthropogenic interventions such as river regulation and reservoir operations, thus resulting in prolonged and intensified droughts. Rainfall primarily exhibits time‐invariance, while significant NS is observed in potential evapotranspiration (particularly in the Krishna and Pennar basins), streamflow and baseflow across all basins. The study also identified three distinct drought propagation patterns in these basins, highlighting cases where MD did not transition to HD, instances of HD occurring without preceding MD and synchronous propagation of MD to HD. The study outcomes provide profound insights into the evolution of drought dynamics under climatic and anthropogenic pressures, which will aid policymakers and stakeholders in formulating strategies for drought preparedness and response.

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Population exposure to drought severities under shared socioeconomic pathways scenarios in India

Cited by 16 publications

References 62 publications

Green pathway of Urea Synthesis through Plasma-Ice Interaction: Optimization and Mechanistic Insights with N2 + CO2 and NH3 + CO2 Gas Mixtures

Green pathway of Urea Synthesis through Plasma-Ice Interaction: Optimization and Mechanistic Insights with N2 + CO2 and NH3 + CO2 Gas Mixtures

Multi‐index characterization of compound dry hot events in India

Dynamic evolution of meteorological and hydrological droughts under climatic and anthropogenic pressures in water‐scarce regions

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