Abstract:Bahrain’s population consists mainly of Arabs, Baharna and Persians leading Bahrain to become ethnically diverse. The exploration of the ethnic origin and genetic structure within the Bahraini population is fundamental mainly in the field of population genetics and forensic science. The purpose of the study was to investigate and conduct genetic studies in the population of Bahrain to assist in the interpretation of DNA-based forensic evidence and in the construction of appropriate databases. 24 short-tandem r… Show more
“…Comparisons were performed using only the Yfiler loci, as Yfiler Plus data were not available for Iran, the region from which a significant proportion of the Bahraini population originates. Muharraq shows a greater degree of similarity to Iran whereas Southern, Northern and Capital populations were closer to Emirati and Saudi populations, which correlated with results obtained by comparison with autosomal profiles derived from the same individuals (Al-Snan et al 2019 ). Fig.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 84%
“…Here we use the Yfiler Plus kit to characterize Y-STR (short tandem repeat) haplotypes in 562 unrelated male Bahraini citizens sub-divided by geographical region; the same samples have been previously typed with autosomal STRs (Al-Snan et al 2019 ). The 6-dye Yfiler Plus PCR Amplification kit detects 27 Y-STR loci: DYS19, DYS385a/b, DYS389I/II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS437, DYS438, DYS439, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS460, DYS481, DYS533, DYS635 (Y-GATA-C4), Y-GATA-H4, DYF387S1a/b, DYS449, DYS518, DYS570, DYS576 and DYS627, with the last seven loci being ‘rapidly mutating Y-STRs’ (RM Y-STRs).…”
We have determined the distribution of Y-chromosomal haplotypes and predicted haplogroups in the ethnically diverse Kingdom of Bahrain, a small archipelago in the Arabian Gulf. Paternal population structure within Bahrain was investigated using the 27 Y-STRs (short tandem repeats) in the Yfiler Plus kit to generate haplotypes from 562 unrelated Bahraini males, sub-divided into four geographical regions—Northern, Capital, Southern and Muharraq. Yfiler Plus provided a significant improvement over the 17-locus Yfiler kit in discrimination capacity (from 77% to 87.5% overall), but discrimination capacity differed widely between regions from 98.4% in Muharraq to 75.2% in the Northern region, an unusually low value possibly resulting from recent rapid population expansion. Clusters of closely related male lineages were seen, with only 79.4% of donors displaying unique haplotypes and 59% of instances of shared haplotypes occurring within, rather than between, regions. Haplogroup prediction indicated diverse origins of the population with a predominance of haplogroups J2 and J1, both typical of the Arabian Peninsula, but also haplogroups such as B2 and E1b1a likely originating in Africa, and H, L and R2 likely indicative of migration from South Asia. Haplogroup frequencies differed significantly between regions, with J2 significantly more common in the Northern region compared with the Southern, possibly due to differential settlement by Baharna and Arabs. Our study shows that paternal lineage population structure can exist even over small geographical scales, and that highly discriminating genetic tools are required where rapid expansions have occurred within tightly bounded populations.
“…Comparisons were performed using only the Yfiler loci, as Yfiler Plus data were not available for Iran, the region from which a significant proportion of the Bahraini population originates. Muharraq shows a greater degree of similarity to Iran whereas Southern, Northern and Capital populations were closer to Emirati and Saudi populations, which correlated with results obtained by comparison with autosomal profiles derived from the same individuals (Al-Snan et al 2019 ). Fig.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 84%
“…Here we use the Yfiler Plus kit to characterize Y-STR (short tandem repeat) haplotypes in 562 unrelated male Bahraini citizens sub-divided by geographical region; the same samples have been previously typed with autosomal STRs (Al-Snan et al 2019 ). The 6-dye Yfiler Plus PCR Amplification kit detects 27 Y-STR loci: DYS19, DYS385a/b, DYS389I/II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS437, DYS438, DYS439, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS460, DYS481, DYS533, DYS635 (Y-GATA-C4), Y-GATA-H4, DYF387S1a/b, DYS449, DYS518, DYS570, DYS576 and DYS627, with the last seven loci being ‘rapidly mutating Y-STRs’ (RM Y-STRs).…”
We have determined the distribution of Y-chromosomal haplotypes and predicted haplogroups in the ethnically diverse Kingdom of Bahrain, a small archipelago in the Arabian Gulf. Paternal population structure within Bahrain was investigated using the 27 Y-STRs (short tandem repeats) in the Yfiler Plus kit to generate haplotypes from 562 unrelated Bahraini males, sub-divided into four geographical regions—Northern, Capital, Southern and Muharraq. Yfiler Plus provided a significant improvement over the 17-locus Yfiler kit in discrimination capacity (from 77% to 87.5% overall), but discrimination capacity differed widely between regions from 98.4% in Muharraq to 75.2% in the Northern region, an unusually low value possibly resulting from recent rapid population expansion. Clusters of closely related male lineages were seen, with only 79.4% of donors displaying unique haplotypes and 59% of instances of shared haplotypes occurring within, rather than between, regions. Haplogroup prediction indicated diverse origins of the population with a predominance of haplogroups J2 and J1, both typical of the Arabian Peninsula, but also haplogroups such as B2 and E1b1a likely originating in Africa, and H, L and R2 likely indicative of migration from South Asia. Haplogroup frequencies differed significantly between regions, with J2 significantly more common in the Northern region compared with the Southern, possibly due to differential settlement by Baharna and Arabs. Our study shows that paternal lineage population structure can exist even over small geographical scales, and that highly discriminating genetic tools are required where rapid expansions have occurred within tightly bounded populations.
“…Data from Lebanon (LEB) and an Indian (IND) population from Madhya Pradesh typed for the 23 autosomal loci 24 were also included in the analysis. Genetic distance was also assessed at a regional level using allele frequencies for the 13 of the 23 autosomal loci (CSF1PO, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, D21S11, D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, FGA, TH01, TPOX, vWA) that are shared between the data reported in this study and other studies of Kuwait and neighbouring counties: Kuwait (KW1 3 and KW2 2 ), Iran (IRN 25 and IRN1 2 ), Saudi Arabia (SA 26 and SA1 27 ), Qatar (QAT 28 ), Oman (OMN 29 ), Yemen (YEM 29 ), United Arab Emirates (UAE 30 ), Bahrain (BAH 31 ), and Iraq (IRQ 32 and IRQ1 2 ). PCA analysis was conducted using R software 33 and visualised using the factoextra package 34 .…”
This study evaluates the forensic utility of 23 autosomal short tandem repeat markers in 400 samples from the Kuwaiti population, of which four markers (D10S1248, D22S1045, D2S441 and SE33) are reported for the first time for Kuwait. All the markers were shown to exhibit no deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, nor any linkage disequilibrium between and within loci, indicating that these loci are inherited independently, and their allele frequencies can be used to estimate match probabilities in the Kuwaiti population. The low combined match probability of 7.37 × 10–30 and the high paternity indices generated by these loci demonstrate the usefulness of the PowerPlex Fusion 6C kit for human identification in this population, as well as to strengthen the power of paternity testing. Off-ladder alleles were seen at several loci, and these were identified by examining their underlying nucleotide sequences. Principal component analysis (PCA) and STRUCTURE showed no genetic structure within the Kuwaiti population. However, PCA revealed a correlation between geographic and genetic distance. Finally, phylogenetic trees demonstrated a close relationship between Kuwaitis and Middle Easterners at a global level, and a recent common ancestry for Kuwait with its northern neighbours of Iraq and Iran, at a regional level.
“…The deviation of HWE in HLD88 locus could be a result of high diversity of the studied population or due to the high polymorphism of HLD88 locus, which can also be supported by the PD and PM parameters. In earlier studies of autosomal STR 20 , it was indicated that the Bahraini population structure reflected the high level of endogamy, accounting for 20–50% of all marriages compared to other populations in the region 21 . Also, another explanation is the Wahlund effect within the communities; large number of homozygotes due to population substructure 22 .…”
This paper evaluates the forensic utility of 30 insertion-deletion polymorphism (indel) markers in a sample from the Bahraini population using the Qiagen Investigator DIPplex Kit. Allele frequencies and forensic stats of the 30 indels were investigated in 293 unrelated individuals from different governorates of the Kingdom of Bahrain. None of the markers showed significant deviation from Hardy Weinberg equilibrium except for HLD88 locus and no linkage disequilibrium were detected between all possible pair of the indel loci, assuming that these markers are independent and their allele frequencies can be used to calculate the match probabilities in the Bahraini population. The high power of discrimination (CPD = 0.9999999999998110) and the low combined match probability (CPM = 1.89 × 10−13) indicate that these markers are informative and can be successfully used for human identification in terms of forensics and paternity. Genetic distances and relatedness were displayed through multidimensional plotting and phylogenetic tree using various populations in the region. Our study showed that the Bahraini population was clustered with neighboring countries such as Kuwait and Emirates which indicates that these closely geographical regions share similar allele frequencies and are more genetically related than other reference population studied.
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