Population genetics study of Strongyloides fuelleborni and phylogenetic considerations on primate-infecting species of Strongyloides based on their mitochondrial genome sequences

Genetic characterization of Strongyloides fuelleborni infecting free-roaming African vervets (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) on the Caribbean island of St. Kitts

“…2 ). The Neighbor-Joining tree revealed a population structure that was consistent with that presented by Ko et al (2023) , which included many of the same reference isolates. As such, these trees were annotated ( Figs.…”

“…Colored peripheral bars reflect the host species from which isolates were derived; dog (Do), human (Hu), chimpanzee (Ch), lorises (Lo), long-tailed macaques (Lt), pig-tailed macaques (Pt), Japanese macaques (Jm), proboscis monkeys (Pr), silvered leaf monkeys (Sl), orangutans (Or), Rhesus macaques (Rh), St Kitts (white star) vervets (Ve), gorilla (Go), and baboon (Ba). Divergent S. fuelleborni types described by Ko et al (2023) were also clustered (green circle and branches) from Siamang (Si), Douc (Do), and Francois' langur (Fr) housed in zoological parks in Japan. The black bar and black star indicate S. stercoralis reference strain PV001.…”

“…As such, these trees were annotated ( Figs. 2 and 3 ) following the convention of Ko et al (2023) who introduced S. fuelleborni types A through G. Cluster H (introduced here) includes S. fuelleborni from St. Kitts vervets and the type detected in a human in Guinea-Bissau.

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“…Our dataset included 24 cox1 sequences and HVR-IV sequences from Thai isolates of S. fuelleborni : one from a human and 23 from pig-tailed macaques ( Macaca nemestrina ) ( Janwan et al, 2020 ). We also included 39 S. fuelleborni cox1 sequences generated by Ko et al (2023) from a range of Asian non-human primates including rhesus macaques from Myanmar ( Macaca mulatta ), Japanese macaques ( Macaca fuscata ), and sequences from four primate species housed in zoological parks in Japan; siamang ( Symphalangus syndactylus ), red-shanked douc ( Pygathrix nemaeus ), Francois’ langur ( Trachypithecus francoisi ), and Bornean Orangutan ( Pongo pygmaeus ) ( Ko et al, 2023 ). To serve as an outgroup for our phylogenetic analysis, we sequenced our S. stercoralis PCR positive control amplicons in the same Illumina library as the vervet samples, and included 28 previously published S. stercoralis genotypes ( Barratt and Sapp, 2020 ), plus a cox1 sequence extracted from the mitochondrial genome of S. stercoralis reference strain PV001 (GenBank [GB] - accession: NC_028624.1).…”

“…However, prior analysis has shown close genetic clustering of some human-derived African S. fuelleborni types which might suggest that anthroponotic transmission occurs for certain African types ( Barratt and Sapp, 2020 ). Among African varieties of S. fuelleborni , distinct genetic sub-structuring has been noted, with discrete clustering of Tanzanian types (East African) separately from Central and West African isolates, with human infections caused by both East and West African varieties ( Hasegawa et al, 2010 , 2016 ; Barratt and Sapp, 2020 ; Ko et al, 2023 ). Asian varieties also possess a genetic population substructure based on geography, with isolates from Borneo, mainland Southeast Asia, and Japan clustering discretely from one another ( Barratt and Sapp, 2020 ; Ko et al, 2023 ).…”