Population risk factors for COVID-19 deaths in Nigeria at sub-national level

Hassan, Zubaida; Hashim, Muhammad; Khan, Gulfaraz

doi:10.11604/pamj.supp.2020.35.2.25258

Cited by 28 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…Population level analysis in Nigeria found education and employment not to be associated with higher COVID-19 case mortality rate (Hassan, Hashim et al 2020). We found respondents who had outdoor occupation to have twice the odds of reporting COVID-19 associated symptoms compared to those who are unemployed.…”

Section: Covid-19 Associated Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 49%

Survey of COVID-19 associated symptoms and reported deaths in an urban community in Kano, Nigeria

Shahani

Farouq²,

Galadima

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Nigeria reported the first case of COVID-19 on February 27, 2020. By June of 2020, many people reported experiencing mild COVID-19 associated symptoms, yet did not get tested due to inaccessible testing and insufficient knowledge of the disease. There were media stories quoting grave diggers in Kano who reported high burial rates during this time. Methods: In order to draw more data on COVID-19 cases during this time period, we conducted a cross-sectional symptom survey in Kano, surveying 291 adults. Participants were asked to report demographic characteristics, past COVID-19 testing and symptoms, and community deaths. To assess associations between COVID-19 associated symptoms and socio-demographic characteristics, bivariate analyses using Chi-square tests were performed. A logistic regression assessing the association between any reported symptoms and the kind of work (indoor/outdoor) was done while adjusting for age, gender and education level. Results: Half of the respondents reported at least one symptom associated with COVID-19; the three most common symptoms were loss of appetite, cough, and fever. There was a statistically significant relationship between age group of the respondent and presence of COVID-19 associated symptoms. Gender or level of education did not have statistically significant association with COVID-19 associated symptoms among the respondents. People with outdoor occupations such as trading and hawking were more than twice as likely to report COVID-19 associated symptoms compared to those who were unemployed. Just under half of the respondents reported knowing someone who died in their community, with unexplained causes attributed to two-thirds of these cases. Our study found evidence of COVID-19 associated symptoms especially among the older population and unexplained deaths in Kano. Lack of confirmatory laboratory tests and absence of baseline vital statistics precluded us from finding definitive evidence for or against COVID-19 infection and associated mortality.

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Section: Covid-19 Associated Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 49%

Survey of COVID-19 associated symptoms and reported deaths in an urban community in Kano, Nigeria

Shahani

Farouq²,

Galadima

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…A recent meta-analysis considering dual infection, either TB and HIV, showed an increased risk of mortality for the former, but a comparable clinical outcome of COVID-19 in patients with or without this latter infection [ 97 ]. Similarly, another study in Nigeria pointed to a higher mortality rate in states with high TB prevalence (with a weak association though), and the opposite finding for HIV infection: a negative correlation between HIV prevalence and COVID-19 mortality [ 98 ]. However, other reviews, even those aimed at children, did not find a significant risk factor for severe COVID-19 in pre-existing respiratory diseases [ 99 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Pandemic within Other Pandemics. When a Multiple Infection of a Host Occurs: SARS-CoV-2, HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis

González-Domenech

Pérez-Hernández²,

Gómez-Ayerbe

et al. 2021

Viruses

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By the middle of 2021, we are still immersed in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The concurrence of this new pandemic in regions where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) infections possess the same epidemiological consideration, has arisen concerns about the prognosis, clinical management, symptomatology, and treatment of patients with triple infection. At the same time, healthcare services previously devoted to diagnosis and treatment of TB and HIV are being jeopardized by the urgent need of resources and attention for COVID-19 patients. The aim of this review was to collect any article considering the three conditions (HIV, TB, and SARS-CoV-2), included in PubMed/Medline and published in the English language since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. We focused on detailed descriptions of the unusual cases describing the three co-infections. Eighty-four out of 184 publications retrieved met our inclusion criteria, but only three of them reported cases (five in total) with the three concomitant infections. The clinical evolution, management, and therapy of all of them were not different from mild/severe cases with exclusive COVID-19; the outcome was not worse either, with recovery for the five patients. Cases of patients with COVID-19 besides HIV and TB infections are scarce in literature, but studies deliberately embracing the triple infection as a priori inclusion criterion should be carried out in order to provide a complete understanding of joint influence.

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“…There are controversies regarding the association between HIV and COVID-19 severity in Africa. Increased severity of COVID-19 infection was observed among HIV positive South-Africans (Davies 2020 ), whereas, HIV prevalence had a protective effect among Nigerians (Hassan et al 2020 ). More studies are therefore needed to understand the impact of co-infections on the COVID-19 disease outcome.…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent updates on the possible reasons for the low incidence and morbidity of COVID-19 cases in Africa

Tsinda

Mmbando

2021

Bull Natl Res Cent

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Background The COVID-19 respiratory illness caused by the SARS-CoV-2 has been a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide since the first reported case in Wuhan, China. A year has passed since pandemic began, and the reasons for different COVID-19 burden variation across continents keep puzzling the general public. Main body of the abstract Since the COVID-19 pandemic started, published research articles have addressed the epidemiological risk factors, host factors, susceptibility and immunity. To ascertain possible reasons for the different rates of COVID-19 infections between Africa and other continents, we summarized the up-to-date scientific literature to identify possible arguments in this regard. Available literature suggests that demographic, epidemiological, sociological, genetic and immunological factors contribute in the COVID-19 severity and the susceptibly to SARS-CoV-2. Short conclusion This review summarizes existing data and discusses reasons for differential COVID-19 burden across continents. The arguments mentioned herein will be helpful to guide future experimental studies to test different hypotheses.

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Population risk factors for COVID-19 deaths in Nigeria at sub-national level

Cited by 28 publications

References 0 publications

Survey of COVID-19 associated symptoms and reported deaths in an urban community in Kano, Nigeria

Survey of COVID-19 associated symptoms and reported deaths in an urban community in Kano, Nigeria

A Pandemic within Other Pandemics. When a Multiple Infection of a Host Occurs: SARS-CoV-2, HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Recent updates on the possible reasons for the low incidence and morbidity of COVID-19 cases in Africa

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