Population-specific co-evolution of offspring anti-predator competence and parental brood defence in Nicaraguan convict cichlids

Wisenden, Brian D.; Stumbo, Anthony D.; McEwen, Daniel C.; McIntire, Kurtis; Scheierl, Justin; Aasand, Jessica; North, Heather; Gilbertson, Janna; Grant, Diana R.; Joseph, Frantz; Mammenga, Emily; Walsh, Rachel E.; Brisch, Ellen

doi:10.1007/s10641-016-0476-y

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…As the young develop and improve in swimming performance, the area occupied by the brood should be expected to expand to reduce intrabrood competition for food. Measurements of brood diameter in the Rió Cabuyo and Laguna de Xiloá confirm that brood area does indeed expand as the young grow and develop into faster swimmers [21].…”

Section: Correlation Of Parental Brood Defense and Brood Predatorsmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Again 5 mm SL fish contained no variation (not shown), but the conspicuous shift in ossification was between 8 mm fry and 9 mm fry. Data from [17,21].…”

Section: Timing Of Ossification Of the Larval Skeleton From Cartilagementioning

confidence: 99%

“…These switch points coincide with changes in skeletal ossification or the young, ontogenetic shifts in swimming performance and changes in parental adoption behavior. Data from [21].…”

Section: Correlation Of Parental Brood Defense and Brood Predatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Letters above bars indicate post-hoc pairwise comparison tests across fry sizes within each site. Data from[17,21].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effect of Predation on Shaping Parental Brood Defense and Larval Ontogeny of Convict Cichlids Leading to Population Divergence

Wisenden

2020

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(1) Predation selects for antipredator competence in prey. For fishes with parental care, brood predators exert selection on the morphological phenotype of offspring, and also exert strong selection pressure to promote parental care behavior of adults. (2) This review summarizes field and lab studies on the ontogeny of antipredator competence in convict cichlids, a freshwater fish with extended biparental care of their free-swimming young. (3) Here, data show that differences in swimming performance between small and large young are exploited by parents when they adopt (smaller) young. Velocity and acceleration of startle responses improves nonlinearly with body size, increasing rapidly at a point when the skeleton rapidly ossifies from cartilage to bone, at the size at which discrimination by adopting parents shifts, and the timing of change in the rate of change in area protected by parents. Convict cichlids in a Nicaraguan lake population showed a similar correlation among these traits, but these traits are delayed relative to Costa Rican fish. (4) Population divergence is likely explained by relatively more intense brood predation in the lake, which selects for different optima of larval antipredator competence and parental brood defense.

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Section: Correlation Of Parental Brood Defense and Brood Predatorsmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Again 5 mm SL fish contained no variation (not shown), but the conspicuous shift in ossification was between 8 mm fry and 9 mm fry. Data from [17,21].…”

Section: Timing Of Ossification Of the Larval Skeleton From Cartilagementioning

confidence: 99%

“…These switch points coincide with changes in skeletal ossification or the young, ontogenetic shifts in swimming performance and changes in parental adoption behavior. Data from [21].…”

Section: Correlation Of Parental Brood Defense and Brood Predatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Letters above bars indicate post-hoc pairwise comparison tests across fry sizes within each site. Data from[17,21].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Predation on Shaping Parental Brood Defense and Larval Ontogeny of Convict Cichlids Leading to Population Divergence

Wisenden

2020

Diversity

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“…It is more likely that there can be local adaptations to area-specific differences in the predation community, or that natural selection may cause shifting behavioural strategies over generations in response to shifting predator communities. Recently, Wisenden et al (2016) found that swimming performance and skeletal ossification of the larvae on one side, and brood defense by the parents on the other side, differed across populations of convict cichlids Amatitlania siquia (a freshwater fish). They demonstrated that larval morphological development, antipredator behaviour and parental care had coevolved with site-specific ecological differences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dying from the lesser of three evils: facilitation and non‐consumptive effects emerge in a model with multiple predators

Fouzai

Opdal

Jørgensen

et al. 2019

Oikos

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Prey modify their behaviour to avoid predation, but dilemmas arise when predators vary in hunting style. Behaviours that successfully evade one predator sometimes facilitate exposure to another predator, forcing the prey to choose the lesser of two evils. In such cases, we need to quantify behavioural strategies in a mix of predators. We model optimal behaviour of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua larvae in a water column, and find the minimal vulnerability from three common predator groups with different hunting modes; 1) ambush predators that sit‐and‐wait for approaching fish larvae; 2) cruising invertebrates that eat larvae in their path; and 3) fish which are visually hunting predators. We use a state‐dependent model to find optimal behaviours (vertical position and swimming speed over a diel light cycle) under any given exposure to the three distinct modes of predation. We then vary abundance of each predator and quantify direct and indirect effects of predation. The nature and strength of direct and indirect effects varied with predator type and abundance. Larvae escaped about half the mortality from fish by swimming deeper to avoid light, but their activity level and cumulative predation from ambush predators increased. When ambush invertebrates dominated, it was optimal to be less active but in more lit habitats, and predation from fish increased. Against cruising predators, there was no remedy. In all cases, the shift in behaviour allowed growth to remain almost the same, while total predation were cut by one third. In early life stages with high and size‐dependent mortality rates, growth rate can be a poor measure of the importance of behavioural strategies.

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Evidence for male alternative reproductive tactics in convict cichlids (Amatitlania siquia) in Lake Xiloá, Nicaragua

et al. 2017

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Population-specific co-evolution of offspring anti-predator competence and parental brood defence in Nicaraguan convict cichlids

Cited by 6 publications

References 32 publications

Effect of Predation on Shaping Parental Brood Defense and Larval Ontogeny of Convict Cichlids Leading to Population Divergence

Effect of Predation on Shaping Parental Brood Defense and Larval Ontogeny of Convict Cichlids Leading to Population Divergence

Dying from the lesser of three evils: facilitation and non‐consumptive effects emerge in a model with multiple predators

Evidence for male alternative reproductive tactics in convict cichlids (Amatitlania siquia) in Lake Xiloá, Nicaragua

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