Population structure of Erysiphe necator on domesticated and wild vines in the Middle East raises questions on the origin of the grapevine powdery mildew pathogen

Abstract

Plant pathogens usually originate and diversify in geographical regions where hosts and pathogens coevolve. Erysiphe necator, the causal agent of grape powdery mildew, is a destructive pathogen of grapevines worldwide. Although Eastern US is considered the centre of origin and diversity of E. necator, previous reports on resistant native wild and domesticated Asian grapevines suggest Asia as another possible origin of the pathogen. By using multi-locus sequencing, microsatellites and a novel application of amplicon sequencing (AmpSeq), we show that the population of E. necator in Israel is composed of three genetic groups: Groups A and B that are common worldwide, and a new group IL, which is genetically differentiated from any known group in Europe and Eastern US. Group IL showed distinguished ecological characteristics: it was dominant on wild and traditional vines (95%); its abundance increased along the season; and was more aggressive than A and B isolates on both wild and domesticated vines. The low genetic diversity within group IL suggests that it has invaded Israel from another origin. Therefore, we suggest that the Israeli E. necator population was founded by at least two invasions, of which one could be from a non-East American source, possibly from Asian origin.

Construction of A High-Density Genetic Map And Detection of A Major QTL of Resistance To Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Necator Sch.) In Caucasian Grapes (Vitis Vinifera L.)

“…[18, 19,24,50], with the co-evolution theory. However, the Gur et al [57] suggestion is in contrast to common notions on E. necator origin and centres of differentiation [e.g. 53] and a more indepth study would be necessary to con rm their new proposals.…”

“…Anyway, Gur et al [57] recently identi ed an E. necator strain in Israel genetically differentiated from those characterized in Europe and North America, proposing a non-American origin for it and possibly an Asian one. This hypothesis could explain the presence of resistance to E. necator in V. vinifera, and also in other Asian Vitis spp.…”

Mixtures of Macro and Micronutrients Control Grape Powdery Mildew and Alter Berry Metabolites

“…An isolate of E. necator , obtained from an infected vineyard in the Golan region, Israel (isolate 146, [ 102 ]), was maintained on detached young leaves of V. vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon in a growth chamber at 23 °C, 14-h light photoperiod under fluorescent light of 100 µmole·m −2 ·s −1 .…”

“…Conidia of E. necator from 10-days old colonies (isolate 146, [ 102 ]) grown on cv. Cabernet Sauvignon detached leaves were gently brushed above 9-cm petri dishes containing 2% water agar (WA) amended with 1% Top KP+ (containing 0.1, 5, and 3.3 g/L N:P:K respectively), 1% Top KP+ plus 0.1% Nanovatz (containing 0.102 and 0.005 g/L Zn and B respectively), 1% Top KP+ plus 0.25% TruPhos (containing 0.125, 0.45, and 0.05 g/L N:P:K respectively, and 0.02, 0.0025, 0.0125, 0.00125, 0.0025, 0.0025, 0.00125, and 0.00125 g/L Zn, B, Mg, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Mo respectively), 1% Top KP+ plus 0.1% Nanovatz plus 0.025% Triton, 1% Top KP+ plus 0.25% TruPhos plus 0.025% Triton, or only 0.025% Triton.…”

Hyperspectral signatures and reflectance models related to the ripening index in four grape varieties

“…The practice of viticulture developed in the Middle East in 8000 BC through the cultivation of wild grapes (Gur et al 2021), later the grape variety Vitis vinifera was found, which originated in Europe and till now more than ten thousand white and red grapes varieties were recognized throughout the world (Lumbreras 2003). The development of grapevine plants starts from the shoots (a portion of stems) and after the fourth year, the crop starts giving a constant annual production of grapes, which can ensure their use for industrialization in winemaking (Gattullo et al 2020).…”