Population Structures and the Role of Genetic Exchange in the Zoonotic Pathogen Cryptosporidium parvum

Mallon, Marianne E.; MacLeod, Annette; Wastling, Jonathan M.; Smith, H. V.; Reilly, Bill; Tait, Andy

doi:10.1007/s00239-003-2477-7

Cited by 26 publications

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“…However, a subset of our isolates have been tested using separate species-specific primers and by multi-locus typing and showed little evidence of mixed infection [37]. The likelihood of dual infections is also driven by the endemicity of the parasite and exposure, as higher proportions have been detected in high-prevalence regions of the UK [38]. Unlike studies investigating only immunocompromised patients, we investigated both immunocompetent and immunocompromised populations and found no difference in the distribution of C. parvum and C. hominis, and other species/genotypes were not more prevalent in immunocompromised patients (unpublished data).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Long-term Cryptosporidium typing reveals the aetiology and species-specific epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis in England and Wales, 2000 to 2003

et al. 2009

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Long-term Cryptosporidium typing reveals the aetiology and species-specific epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis in England and Wales, 2000 to 2003

et al. 2009

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“…Based upon the limited amount of material available, we tested the three most polymorphic loci used by Mallon et al (ML1, GP15, and MS5) (19,20) with primers and conditions described previously (7,19). One of each primer pair was 5Ј labeled with WellRED dye D4-PA (Proligo, Helena Biosciences, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multilocus Analysis of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum Isolates from Sporadic and Outbreak-Related Human Cases and C. parvum Isolates from Sporadic Livestock Cases in the United Kingdom

Leoni¹,

Mallon

Smith

et al. 2007

J Clin Microbiol

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Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis isolates from sporadic, drinking water-associated, and intrafamilial human cases together with C. parvum isolates from sporadic cases in livestock were collected in the United Kingdom between 1995 and 1999. The isolates were characterized by analysis of three microsatellite markers (ML1, GP15, and MS5) using PCR amplification. Within C. hominis, four alleles were detected within the GP15 and MS5 loci, and a single type was detected with ML1. C. parvum was more polymorphic; 12 alleles were detected with GP15, 6 were detected with MS5, and 3 were detected with ML1. Multilocus analysis of polymorphisms within the three microsatellite loci was combined with those reported previously for an extrachromosomal small double-stranded RNA. Forty multilocus types were detected within these two species: 9 were detected in C. hominis, and 31 were detected in C. parvum. In C. hominis, heterogeneity was almost exclusively found in samples from sporadic cases. Similarity analysis identified three main groups within C. parvum, and the group that predominated in human infection was also found in livestock. Multilocus types of C. parvum previously identified only in humans were not detected in livestock. Isolates of both C. hominis and C. parvum from separate waterborne outbreaks were genetically homogeneous, suggesting preferential or point source transmission of certain types of these two species of parasites.

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“…Some of these studies have shown a panmictic population structure with frequent recombination in C. parvum (Herges et al 2012;De Waele et al 2013), whereas others have demonstrated the existence of a flexible reproductive strategy (co-occurrence of panmictic, clonal or epidemic structure) in this species (Tanriverdi et al 2008;Drumo et al 2012). Similarly, some genetic studies conducted on C. hominis identified largely a clonal population structure (Mallon et al 2003;Gatei et al 2007;Li et al 2013;Feng et al 2014), whereas others showed the common occurrence of genetic recombination in C. hominis in developing countries (Widmer and Sullivan, 2012). In areas with an overall clonal population structure of C. hominis, genetic recombination has been shown to be a driving force for the emergence of virulent subtypes such as IbA10G2 and IaA28R4 Feng et al 2014).…”

Section: Multilocus Typing and Population Geneticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidiumspecies in humans and animals: current understanding and research needs

2014

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S U M M A R YCryptosporidium is increasingly recognized as one of the major causes of moderate to severe diarrhoea in developing countries. With treatment options limited, control relies on knowledge of the biology and transmission of the members of the genus responsible for disease. Currently, 26 species are recognized as valid on the basis of morphological, biological and molecular data. Of the nearly 20 Cryptosporidium species and genotypes that have been reported in humans, Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum are responsible for the majority of infections. Livestock, particularly cattle, are one of the most important reservoirs of zoonotic infections. Domesticated and wild animals can each be infected with several Cryptosporidium species or genotypes that have only a narrow host range and therefore have no major public health significance. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing techniques will significantly improve our understanding of the taxonomy and transmission of Cryptosporidium species, and the investigation of outbreaks and monitoring of emerging and virulent subtypes. Important research gaps remain including a lack of subtyping tools for many Cryptosporidium species of public and veterinary health importance, and poor understanding of the genetic determinants of host specificity of Cryptosporidium species and impact of climate change on the transmission of Cryptosporidium.

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Population Structures and the Role of Genetic Exchange in the Zoonotic Pathogen Cryptosporidium parvum

Cited by 26 publications

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Long-term Cryptosporidium typing reveals the aetiology and species-specific epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis in England and Wales, 2000 to 2003

Long-term Cryptosporidium typing reveals the aetiology and species-specific epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis in England and Wales, 2000 to 2003

Multilocus Analysis of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum Isolates from Sporadic and Outbreak-Related Human Cases and C. parvum Isolates from Sporadic Livestock Cases in the United Kingdom

Cryptosporidiumspecies in humans and animals: current understanding and research needs

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