Populational Affinities of the Peruvian with Siberians and North Americans: A Nonmetric Cranial Approach.

Metric and Nonmetric Cranial Variation of the Prehistoric Okhotsk People.

“…As mentioned above, it is certain that the Okhotsk people had contacted not only in cultural exchange but also intermarried with the Ainu ancestors in Hokkaido and Sakhalin beyond the cultural exchange (Yamaguchi, 1981;Ishida, 1988aIshida, , 1993. Without the admixture, how different were the two populations in essence?…”

“…I have also studied the cranial variations of the Siberians (Ishida, 1990(Ishida, , 1992(Ishida, , 1993(Ishida, , 1995Dodo, 1992, 1996). In this study, I present the metric and nonmetric cranial data of the Okhotsk people to evaluate their relationships with the East and Northeast Asians.…”

Incidence of Nonmetric Cranial Traits in the Pre-Columbian Cranial Series from the Chancay Site, Peru.

“…Clustering (group average method) and prin cipalcoordinate analyses were performed on the distance matrix of the MMD to repre sentgraphically populational relationships. For comparison, we used the samples of the Mongolian, Alaskan Eskimo, Aleut, Ontario Iroquois, Japanese (Dodo and Ishida, 1987), Aeneolithic Doigahama Yayoi, Neolithic Jomon (Dodo and Ishida, 1988), Ulch (Ishida, 1990) and Peruvian from Chicama cranial series (Ishida, 1993b). Table 1 shows the incidences of 34 nonmetric traits in the Chancay series.…”

“…Nonmetric traits are relatively consistent under variable environmental conditions and have been increasingly used in the investigation of genetic relation shipsbetween populations (Berry and Berry, 1967;Hertzog, 1968;Ossenberg,1970;Dodo, 1974;Yamaguchi, 1985). Using the traits, several advanced investigations on the populational affinities of East Asians including Japanese, North Americans, Siberians and the Pacific Mongoloid peoples have been published (Yamaguchi, 1977(Yamaguchi, , 1985Ishida, 1987, 1992;Ishida, 1990Ishida, , 1993aIshida, , 1993bDodo, 1992, 1993;Ishida and Kida, 1991;Ossenberg,1992). Furthermore, Ishida (1993b) presented the nonmetric cranial traits of the Peruvian samples from Chicama and measured populational affinities between the Siberians and Americans.…”

“…Using the traits, several advanced investigations on the populational affinities of East Asians including Japanese, North Americans, Siberians and the Pacific Mongoloid peoples have been published (Yamaguchi, 1977(Yamaguchi, , 1985Ishida, 1987, 1992;Ishida, 1990Ishida, , 1993aIshida, , 1993bDodo, 1992, 1993;Ishida and Kida, 1991;Ossenberg,1992). Furthermore, Ishida (1993b) presented the nonmetric cranial traits of the Peruvian samples from Chicama and measured populational affinities between the Siberians and Americans. We had the opportunity to make a systematic investigation into the Pre-Columbian Peruvian skeletal series from the Chancay site.…”