Populism, Nationalism, and Nationalist Populism

Abstract

This article builds an original, analytical framework to understand one of the most important developments of our times — the global ascendance of leaders who fuse populist anti-elite rhetoric with nationalist appeals. In contrast to arguments that treat populism and nationalism as either completely separate or essentially equivalent phenomena, I begin from an understanding of the two as distinct ideologies that grow from a shared foundational claim to represent an “us” versus a “them.” In part 1, I first juxtapose populism and nationalism around this common, undergirding us-them boundary to bring out their core features. I then analyze how populism and nationalism vary across the twin axes of intensity and inclusiveness to bring out their distinct sub-types. In part 2, I use this theoretical map of populism and nationalism to navigate the conceptual terrain of their intersection. I focus, in particular, on the implications of nationalist populism for those seen as “us” versus those viewed as “them,” where the “us” and “them” are determined by the dimensions of intensity and inclusiveness. In contrast to characterizations of nationalist populism in directional terms as negative, I suggest that it is instead better understood as an amplifying force that exacerbates both the positive and negative consequences of populism. All else equal, relative to populism, those beyond nationalist populist boundaries are subject to heightened hostility and discrimination, while those within benefit from enhanced life opportunities.

Introduction: national populism and the politicisation of borders in a changing Europe

“…Academic interest in populism is growing. Many researchers in political science and the related disciplines use this notion extensively to describe and explain political actors' narratives, party strategies and patterns of people's opinions and electoral support (Bonikowski 2017;Stanley 2011;Bonikowski et al 2019;Singh 2021). Populism has been defined as a discourse, an ideology, a strategy or a logic of political contention.…”

The Recognition of Minority Rights in International Law: A Historical Review

“…These movements often promote a narrow and exclusionary view of national identity, which can marginalise and discriminate against minority groups. 187 Nationalist and populist movements often prioritise the majority over minority communities and may use rhetoric and policies that target them. They may support immigration restrictions, minority expulsion, or the removal of legal protections.…”

How Have Populists Come to Dominate the Political Landscape in the 21st Century?

“…Populist movements, which often emphasize national identity and the supremacy of indigenous people, may lead to intolerance and discrimination by indigenous people against minority groups, including immigrants and refugees, resulting in social unrest. Populism can also lead to the rise of authoritarianism [8]. Populist leaders may seek to concentrate power in their own hands, leading them toward authoritarianism or narrow democracy.…”