Porcine circovirus type 2-induced interleukin-10 modulates recall antigen responses

Kekarainen, Tuija; Montoya, María; Mateu, Enric; Segalés, Joaquím

doi:10.1099/vir.0.83354-0

Cited by 67 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…PCV2 has been shown to cause immunosuppression in pigs [16]–[17]. One reason for this is the induction of cytokine imbalance in the blood and lymphoid organs [1], [6], [11], [17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Activation of the TLR/MyD88/NF-κB Signal Pathway Contributes to Changes in IL-4 and IL-12 Production in Piglet Lymphocytes Infected with Porcine Circovirus Type 2 In Vitro

Duan

Zhang

et al. 2014

PLoS ONE

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Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes immunosuppression in pigs. One causative factor is an imbalance in cytokine levels in the blood and lymphoid tissues. Many studies have reported changes in cytokine production, but the regulatory mechanisms involved have not yet been elucidated. In this study, we investigated alteration and regulation of IL-4 and IL-12 production in lymphocytes following incubation with PCV2 in vitro. The levels of IL-4 decreased and levels of IL-12 increased in lymphocyte supernatants, and the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB and the expression of p65 in the nucleus and p-IκB in the cytoplasm of lymphocytes increased after incubation with PCV2. However, these effects were reversed when lymphocytes were coincubated with PCV2 and the NF-κB inhibitor BAY11-7082. In addition, the expression of MyD88 protein increased and the expression of mRNA for the toll-like receptors (TLRs) TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 and TLR9 was upregulated when lymphocytes were incubated with PCV2. However, no change was seen in TLR7 and TLR8 mRNA expression. In conclusion, this study showed that PCV2 induced a decrease in IL-4 and an increase in IL-12 production in lymphocytes, and these changes were regulated by the TLR-MyD88-NF-κB signal pathway.

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“…PCV2 has been shown to cause immunosuppression in pigs [16]–[17]. One reason for this is the induction of cytokine imbalance in the blood and lymphoid organs [1], [6], [11], [17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One reason for this is the induction of cytokine imbalance in the blood and lymphoid organs [1], [6], [11], [17]. Although many studies have investigated changes in cytokine production in PCV2-infected pigs both in vitro and in vivo, the regulatory mechanisms behind these changes are still unknown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation of the TLR/MyD88/NF-κB Signal Pathway Contributes to Changes in IL-4 and IL-12 Production in Piglet Lymphocytes Infected with Porcine Circovirus Type 2 In Vitro

Duan

Zhang

et al. 2014

PLoS ONE

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“…IFN-α is typically induced by pDCs by many viruses and the best known function of this cytokine is to induce an antiviral state. However, PCV2 is down-regulating the induction of IFN-α in cultured pDCs/monocytic cells, even in the presence of potent IFN-α stimulators [14, 16]. In contrast, in vivo infection with PCV2 has shown to induce IFN-α secretion [17, 18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porcine circovirus 2 immunology and viral evolution

Kekarainen

Segalés

2015

Porc Health Manag

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Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) has and is still causing important economic losses to pig industry. This is due to PCV2-systemic disease (PCV2-SD), formerly known as postweaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), which increases mortality rates and slows down the growth of the animals, as well as other conditions collectively included within the so-called porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD). PCV2-SD affected pigs are considered to be immunosuppressed, with severe lymphocyte depletion and evidence of secondary infections. However, PCV2-infected pigs not developing the disease are able to mount humoral and cellular immune responses and clear the virus or limit the infection. On the contrary, insufficient amounts of neutralizing antibodies have been linked to increased PCV2 replication, severe lymphoid lesions and development of PCV2-SD. Central role in controlling PCV2 infection are played by the antigen specific memory T cells. These cells persist long term post-infection or vaccination and are able to expand rapidly after recall antigen recognition. Most farms in the main pig producing countries are applying vaccination against PCV2 to prevent the disease and improve the farm performance. Vaccines do not induce sterilizing immunity and PCV2 keeps on circulating even in farms applying vaccination. This, together with the high mutation rate of PCV2, world-wide fluctuations in the genotype dominance and emergence of novel genetic variants, warrant close molecular survey of the virus in the field.

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“…It is known that over upregulation of IL-10 may cause immunosuppression. Kekarainen et al (2008b) found that the PCV2-induced IL-10 decreased the immune response to recall antigens in the pig PBMC by participating in the inhibition of IFN-γ expression. This indicates that IFN-γ downregulation was the inevitable result of PCV2-induced IL-10 upregulation after the combined stimulation by PCV2 and PRV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of porcine circovirus type 2 and pseudorabies vaccine co-inoculation on regulatory cytokine mRNA expression in pig peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Gao¹,

Xie²,

Jia³

et al. 2014

Genet. Mol. Res.

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ABSTRACT. We investigated the immune response effects of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) on cells inoculated with pseudorabies attenuated vaccine (PRV). Real-time PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of the regulatory cytokines IL-4, IL-10, IL-12p40, and IFN-γ in pig peripheral blood mononuclear cells, after in vitro single vaccination and co-inoculation with PCV2 and the PRV. We found that PRV causes upregulation of IL-4, IL-12p40, and IFN-γ mRNA expression, while PCV2 causes mRNA upregulation of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-12p40. Moreover, PCV2 inhibited PRV-induced upregulation of IL-4, IL-12p40, and IFN-γ mRNA expression; IFN-γ mRNA expression was significantly inhibited. We conclude that PCV2 can reduce the cellular immune response to PRV.

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Porcine circovirus type 2-induced interleukin-10 modulates recall antigen responses

Cited by 67 publications

References 27 publications

Activation of the TLR/MyD88/NF-κB Signal Pathway Contributes to Changes in IL-4 and IL-12 Production in Piglet Lymphocytes Infected with Porcine Circovirus Type 2 In Vitro

Activation of the TLR/MyD88/NF-κB Signal Pathway Contributes to Changes in IL-4 and IL-12 Production in Piglet Lymphocytes Infected with Porcine Circovirus Type 2 In Vitro

Porcine circovirus 2 immunology and viral evolution

Effects of porcine circovirus type 2 and pseudorabies vaccine co-inoculation on regulatory cytokine mRNA expression in pig peripheral blood mononuclear cells

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