Porcine circoviruses: a minuscule yet mammoth paradox

Ramamoorthy, Sheela; Meng, Xiang‐Jin

doi:10.1017/s1466252308001461

Cited by 92 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 180 publications

(260 reference statements)

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“…Recently, several other complex syndromes, including reproductive failure, enteritis, pneumonia and necrotizing dermatitis, have also been linked to PCV2 infection. PCVAD is further complicated by co-infections with other bacterial and viral pathogens (Ramamoorthy & Meng 2008). …”

Section: Viruses In Wild Boars That Are Potentially Transmissible To mentioning

confidence: 99%

Wild boars as sources for infectious diseases in livestock and humans

Meng

Lindsay

Sriranganathan

2009

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

396

314

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Wild boars (Sus scrofa) are indigenous in many countries in the world. These free-living swine are known reservoirs for a number of viruses, bacteria and parasites that are transmissible to domestic animals and humans. Changes of human habitation to suburban areas, increased use of lands for agricultural purposes, increased hunting activities and consumption of wild boar meat have increased the chances of exposure of wild boars to domestic animals and humans. Wild boars can act as reservoirs for many important infectious diseases in domestic animals, such as classical swine fever, brucellosis and trichinellosis, and in humans, diseases such as hepatitis E, tuberculosis, leptospirosis and trichinellosis. For examples, wild boars are reservoirs for hepatitis E virus, and cluster cases of hepatitis E have been reported in Japan of humans who consumed wild boar meat. In Canada, an outbreak of trichinellosis was linked to the consumption of wild boar meat. The incidence of tuberculosis owing to Mycobacterium bovis has increased in wild boars, thus posing a potential concern for infections in livestock and humans. It has also been documented that six hunters contracted Brucella suis infections from wild swine in Florida. This article discusses the prevalence and risk of infectious agents in wild boars and their potential transmission to livestock and humans.

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Section: Viruses In Wild Boars That Are Potentially Transmissible To mentioning

confidence: 99%

Wild boars as sources for infectious diseases in livestock and humans

Meng

Lindsay

Sriranganathan

2009

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

396

314

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“…These results in-132 LŐRINCZ et al Hungarica 62, 2014 dicate that the answer to why TGE is re-emerging lies not within the genetics of the virus but most likely in the immune response of the pigs. It is known that porcine circoviruses (PCV) are present worldwide and they are strongly immunosuppressive (Ramamoorthy and Meng, 2009). Vaccine-or infection-induced immunity is generally limited in heavily infected pig herds, even if the clinical signs of circovirus infection are not apparent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sporadic re-emergence of enzootic porcine transmissible gastroenteritis in Hungary

Lőrincz

Biksi

Andersson

et al. 2014

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica

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Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) is a coronavirus-induced disease of pigs, characterised by diarrhoea and vomiting. The incidence of the disease had been decreasing since the late 1980s when deletion mutant variants (porcine respiratory coronavirus, PRCoV) of the virus emerged, repressing TGE gradually. Although disease manifestations are infrequent, the virus is still present in pig herds, causing sporadic outbreaks in a milder form. Identification and characterisation of the spike genes from TGEV and PRCoV, detected in such outbreaks, were performed in Hungary. Analysis of the amplified partial gene sequences showed that TGEV was present in herds with TGE clinical signs together with PRCoV. The sequences, apart from the deletions in PRCoV, were identical and at least two types of PRCoV spike proteins could be identified based on the length of the deleted sequence.

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“…PCV2 is ubiquitous and many animals may be infected which may or may not result in clinical disease [1]. Porcine circovirusassociated disease encompasses a variety of clinical signs and diseases that are associated with PCV2 infection [14]. One of these, postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), is a multifactorial disease complex which develops in weaned 5-12 week-old piglets [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of these, postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), is a multifactorial disease complex which develops in weaned 5-12 week-old piglets [15]. It is characterized by weight loss, diarrhea, respiratory distress, enlarged lymph nodes and a generalized lymphopenia and loss of adaptive immunity [14][15][16][17][18]. Microscopic lesions consist of hepatitis, nephritis, damage of lymphoid tissue, and extensive lymphopenia [16][17][18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The comparative profile of lymphoid cells and the T and B cell spectratype of germ-free piglets infected with viruses SIV, PRRSV or PCV2

Šinkora

Butler

Lager

et al. 2014

Vet Res

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Lymphocyte subsets isolated from germ-free piglets experimentally infected with swine influenza virus (SIV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) or porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) were studied and the profile of these subsets among these three infections was monitored. Germ-free piglets were used since their response could be directly correlated to the viral infection. Because SIV infections are resolved even by colostrum-deprived neonates whereas PRRSV and PCV2 infections are not, SIV was used as a benchmark for an effectively resolved viral infection. PRRSV caused a large increase in the proportion of lymphocytes at the site of infection and rapid differentiation of B cells leading to a high level of Ig-producing cells but a severe reduction in CD2 -CD21 + primed B cells. Unlike SIV and PCV2, PRRSV also caused an increase in terminally differentiated subset of CD2 + CD8α + γδ cells and polyclonal expansion of major Vβ families suggesting that non-specific helper T cells drive swift B cell activation. Distinct from infections with SIV and PRRSV, PCV2 infection led to the: (a) prevalence of MHC-II + T cytotoxic cells, (b) restriction of the T helper compartment in the respiratory tract, (c) generation of a high proportion of FoxP3 + T cells in the blood and (d) selective expansion of IgA and IgE suggesting this virus elicits a mucosal immune response. Our findings suggest that PRRSV and PCV2 may negatively modulate the host immune system by different mechanisms which may explain their persistence.

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Porcine circoviruses: a minuscule yet mammoth paradox

Cited by 92 publications

References 180 publications

Wild boars as sources for infectious diseases in livestock and humans

Wild boars as sources for infectious diseases in livestock and humans

Sporadic re-emergence of enzootic porcine transmissible gastroenteritis in Hungary

The comparative profile of lymphoid cells and the T and B cell spectratype of germ-free piglets infected with viruses SIV, PRRSV or PCV2

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