Porcine Granulocyte Functions: Evaluation and Modulation

Stahl, M.; Reifenberg, Kurt; Okpanyi, S. N.; Lösch, U.

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0450.1990.tb01057.x

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The results demonstrated that Echinacea had no impact on the parameters of the red and white blood picture of the pigs regardless of dosage and dosage form. This is in agreement with other authors (Wagner et al., 1986; Woestmann, 1986; Jurcic et al., 1989; Stahl et al., 1989). In the reported trials with different species, the hematologic parameters were not affected, but the rate of phagocytosis was enhanced.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Efficiency of Echinacea purpurea on performance and immune status in pigs

Maass¹,

Bauer²,

Paulicks³

et al. 2005

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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The aim of the present investigation was to examine the inclusion of the dried herb Echinacea purpurea (L.) MOENCH as feed additive in diets of sows, piglets, and grower/finisher pigs on growth performance, blood picture, plasma enzymes including proliferation of lymphocytes, antibody status, and protein and immune globulin content of colostrum. The control groups were supplemented with alfalfa meal. The sows (total 36) received 0%, 1.2%, or 3.6% Echinacea cobs in the diet from day 85 to day 110 of gestation and 0%, 0.5%, or 1.5% Echinacea cobs up to day 28 of lactation. No significant differences were found for growth performance, weight loss, blood picture, plasma enzymes, and colostrum composition. Performance of the sucking piglets was not impaired either during lactation or during a 4 week observation period after weaning. The health status was similar in all treatment groups. In a second experiment, lasting 6 weeks, with 36 piglets (5.8-22.1 kg body weight), 1.8% Echinacea cobs, or 20 mg/kg feed Flavomycin were supplemented. No significant differences were found for the recorded parameters. Feed conversion ratio (kg feed/kg gain) of the Echinacea group was slightly (4%) increased (1.54 vs. 1.60). In a third trial, 48 grower/finisher pigs were used during a 9-week experimental period with two supplementation phases (weeks 1-3 and weeks 7-9). The experimental groups received 0%, 1.5% cobs or 4-6 ml pressed juice (commercial standard) per day respectively. Vaccination with Swine erysipelas was implemented in weeks 1 and 5 to determine the specific immune response. Growth performance and blood picture for all groups were similar, however, feed conversion of both Echinacea supplemented groups was significantly (p < 0.03) better than of the unsupplemented control group (2.44 vs. 2.51). In addition, the Swine erysipelas antibodies showed a marked significance (p < 0.05) in regard of altitude in both supplemented groups. It is concluded, that E. purpurea might be used as a feed additive to achieve immune stimulating efficiency in pig production and increase feed-to-gain-conversion. The efficiency of cobs is comparable to a commercial juice product.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Efficiency of Echinacea purpurea on performance and immune status in pigs

Maass¹,

Bauer²,

Paulicks³

et al. 2005

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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“…There are numerous recent reports indicating the immunostimulating or modulating effects of various preparations and extracts (Stimple et al 1984;Burger et al 1997;See et al 1997;Sun et al 1999;Currier and Miller 2001;Goel et al 2002). There are a few reports of the veterinary application of Echinacea therapy, for example, in horses (O'Neill et al 2002 ), swine (Stahl et al 1990) and cattle (Schuberth et al 2002) . Nothing has been reported on its use in poultry.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Dietary supplementation with Echinacea and development of immunity to challenge infection with coccidia

Allen¹

2003

Parasitology Research

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An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of dietary supplementation with 0.1% and 0.5% ground root preparations of Echinacea purpurea (EP; common name: purple cone flower) on the development of immunity following live vaccination and subsequent challenge with multiple coccidia species in an experimental model using a commercial live vaccine preparation. Effects of immunization and EP supplementation on weight gains before challenge, and weight gains, lesion scores and plasma levels of carotenoids and NO2-+NO3- following challenge were determined. In this experiment, combined live vaccination and feed supplementation with 0.1% or 0.5% EP during the first 2 weeks of life provided significant weight gain advantage compared to live vaccination alone. This advantage persisted through 2 weeks of EP withdrawal and subsequent challenge infection. EP supplementation also significantly lowered total lesion scores but did not significantly modify the effects of vaccination and challenge on plasma carotenoids or NO2-+NO3-.

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“…Further studies should check whether male animals are better suited. At present, ROS generation, which was quite often used to monitor immunomodulation by Echinacea preparations (Gaisbauer et al, 1990; Stahl et al, 1990; Roesler et al, 1991), cannot be recommended for the standard quality examination of phytomedicines in cattle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flow Cytometric Testing of Immunological Effects of a Phytomedicinal Combination (EquiMun) and its Compounds on Bovine Leucocytes

Schuberth

Riedel-Caspari²,

Leibold

2002

Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A

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One of the major goals of this study was to establish fast, reliable and sensitive assays for the quality control of immunomodulating phytopreparations and to determine whether pharmacological compounds or phytopreparations have effects on bovine immune cells. Flow cytometric methods were chosen because they are very sensitive in the detection of even subtle effects on cells. In this study, we addressed the question of whether these methods are useful in monitoring the effects of EquiMun and its compounds on bovine leucocytes in vitro. EquiMun is a fixed combination of Echinacea purpurea (Ec), Thuja occidentalis (Th) and elemental phosphorus (Ph) in different starting concentrations. Separated blood mononuclear cells (MNC) and polymorphonuclear cells (PMN, mainly neutrophils) were cultured for up to 44 h in vitro in the presence or absence of the tested substances. Whereas MNC were not affected by any of the compounds, EquiMun, Ec, Th and Ph significantly reduced the forward scatter (size) of cultured PMN without affecting their side scatter (granularity). The size effects were paralleled by a significantly enhanced viability of PMN after 20 h in culture. The observed effects were constant over wide concentration ranges and indicate a very similar reaction of leucocytes from individual cows. Whereas spontaneous generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by neutrophils was up-regulated by Ph and EquiMun, EquiMun down-regulated the phorbol ester-stimulated ROS production. However, ROS generation by neutrophils displayed a large inter-individual variation with less apparent, down-regulatory effects of EquiMun. The ability of PMN to kill target cells via antibody-independent cellular cytotoxicity showed small inter-individual variations and was enhanced by Ec and Th but not by Ph and EquiMun, probably due to dose-dependent effects. In summary, the flow cytometric characterization of cellular viability and shape changes of neutrophils seem to be a suitable and reliable approach for the quality test of immunomodulating phytomedicines based on bioassays.

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Porcine Granulocyte Functions: Evaluation and Modulation

Cited by 5 publications

References 11 publications

Efficiency of Echinacea purpurea on performance and immune status in pigs

Efficiency of Echinacea purpurea on performance and immune status in pigs

Dietary supplementation with Echinacea and development of immunity to challenge infection with coccidia

Flow Cytometric Testing of Immunological Effects of a Phytomedicinal Combination (EquiMun) and its Compounds on Bovine Leucocytes

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