“…Von Woedtke et al 18 classified plasma for medical application according to two general principles: indirect use of plasma to treat surfaces, materials, or devices for medical applications, and application of physical plasma on or within the human body. Sterilization of medical materials or devices (e.g., medical implants, catheters, or materials in blood purification systems) is the main use of indirect plasmas for medical purposes; 20 whereas physical plasmas are under intense study for applications in wound healing, 19,20 blood coagulation and skin regeneration, 21 dentistry, 22 and apoptosis of cancer cells. 23 To date, research on ACP sterilization has demonstrated effective reduction of clinically important microorganisms in their planktonic state or in biofilms.…”