Pore-scale monitoring of CO2 and N2 flooding processes in a tight formation under reservoir conditions using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR): A case study

Wei, Bing; Zhang, Xiang; Wu, Runnan; Zou, Peng; Gao, Ke; Xu, Xingguang; Pu, Wanfen; Wood, Colin D.

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2019.02.103

Cited by 126 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The T 2 relaxation time is directly related to the pore radius of the porous media; thus, fluids' presence in pores of different sizes during CO 2 flooding can be represented by the T 2 spectrum. [108,109] Generally, a large pore is related to a long relaxation time and a small pore corresponds a short relaxation time. [110,111] Figure 18 shows the T 2 spectrum of an ultralow-permeability core (Figure 18a) and an extra-lowpermeability core (Figure 18b) during cycling CO 2 injection.…”

Section: Nmr Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2D images of fluid distribution in porous media can also be measured using NMR. [108][109][110]113,114] Applying two different gradient magnetic fields in the perpendicular direction to the static magnetic field, different position of the sample will appear diverse responses the gradient magnetic fields. The internal structure images of the sample can be obtained by recording and processing these signals.…”

Section: Nmr Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review on Pore Structure Characterization and Microscopic Flow Mechanism of CO₂ Flooding in Porous Media

Tang

Hou

et al. 2020

Energy Tech

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Rapidly rising emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere lead to the greenhouse effect and accelerate the exacerbation of the global climate. [1] Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide (CO 2), ozone (O 3), nitric oxide (N 2 O), methane (CH 4), hydrogen fluoride, the chlorine carbide class (CFCs, HFCs, HCFCs), and perfluorinated carbide (PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6). The concentration of CO 2 is the highest in the atmosphere among greenhouse gases, and it significantly dominates global warming. [2] The process of the greenhouse effect and the impact of greenhouse gases on global warming are shown in Figure 1. Carbon is one of the most important elements of earth's structure and living things. It widely exists in the biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere and circulates continuously with the movement of the Earth. CO 2 plays an important role in the cycle. Green plants absorb CO 2 from the atmosphere, and CO 2 is converted into organic matter and oxygen is also released through photosynthesis with the participation of water, as shown in Figure 2. [3,4] Before the industrial revolution, the carbon cycle has been kept in balance for millions of years. After the industrial revolution, human beings began to utilize fossil fuels to obtain energy. The balance of nature is thus destroyed, leading to climate anomalies (e.g., global warming) due to the increased concentration of CO 2 caused by the burning of fossil fuels and other industrial activities. Therefore, reducing emissions of CO 2 and other greenhouse gases is essential for protecting the natural environment. [5,6] At present, carbon emissions can be reduced by decreasing energy consumption, improving energy utilization efficiency, replacing fossil fuels with clean energy (e.g., solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, and hydrogen energy), and carbon capture and storage (CCS). However, it is still hard for most of the clean energy to completely replace fossil fuels in the near future because of safety, technology availability, and economical efficiency. [7] CCS is an important technological means to reduce carbon emission. [8,9] However, CCS requires high costs and may cause leakage of carbon because the captured carbon is usually sequestrated in saline aquifers, coal seams, depleted reservoirs, etc. [10-12] Therefore, carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) has been acknowledged as a promising technology to achieve efficient reduction of carbon and also generate economic benefits, which is more practical and economical. [13] CO 2 is an important material for industry and has been applied in many fields, as shown in Figure 3. [14,15] In the food industry, CO 2 is used in the production of carbonized beverages, food preservation, and industrial processing as a refrigerant and protective gas. It can also be applied to synthesize chemicals, drugs, polymers, such as degradable plastics, etc. High-purity

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Section: Nmr Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nmr Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Pore Structure Characterization and Microscopic Flow Mechanism of CO₂ Flooding in Porous Media

Tang

Hou

et al. 2020

Energy Tech

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“…As a consequence, more oil can be produced and oil recovery can be enhanced by reducing oil viscosity, expanding oil volume, and extracting the light components of crude oil. [18][19][20][21][22][23] Mohammed-Singh et al 24 summarized the cases of CO 2 huff and puff in oil fields over the past two decades. Among above methods, CO 2 huff and puff has attracted more attention as an efficient and important technique.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[13][14][15][16][17] Both soaking time and CO 2 injection volume are important operation parameters to improve the performance of CO 2 huff and puff. [18][19][20][21][22][23] Mohammed-Singh et al 24 summarized the cases of CO 2 huff and puff in oil fields over the past two decades. They found that the best soaking time was 2-4 weeks and massive CO 2 injection enhanced the oil recovery of CO 2 huff and puff.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental investigation on influencing factors of CO₂huff and puff under fractured low‐permeability conditions

Bai

et al. 2019

Energy Science & Engineering

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The fracture system is a vital component of fractured low‐permeability reservoirs. The presence of fractures can improve reservoir flow capacity and injected carbon dioxide (CO2) utilization, thus leading to higher oil recovery. In this study, the effects of the presence of fracture, fracture morphology, soaking time, and CO2 injection volume on CO2 huff and puff were investigated through 11 low‐permeability cores with different properties. The experimental results indicated that the presence of fractures enhanced cyclic oil recovery and increased the effective cycle numbers during CO2 huff and puff in low‐permeability cores. Moreover, compared with low‐permeability cores without fractures, ultimate oil recovery of CO2 huff and puff was risen up by ~11% in fractured cores. Longer soaking time was conducive to enhancing ultimate oil recovery of CO2 huff and puff in fractured low‐permeability cores, but the excessive soaking time had little effect on ultimate oil recovery. Meanwhile, excessive CO2 injection volume did not significantly improve the performance of CO2 huff and puff, but it did reduce the CO2 utilization. Moreover, gravity caused the produced oil to deposit on the bottom surface of the blowout end of the fracture, which made oil recovery of the core with a horizontal fracture slightly higher (~7%) than that of the core with a vertical fracture. In addition, variation in the intersection angle of fractures had little effect on ultimate oil recovery of CO2 huff and puff in fractured low‐permeability cores. It, however, did change the conductivity of the entire core, thus affecting oil recovery during the first two cycles remarkably.

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“…Many researchers have conducted different CO 2 flooding experiments and monitored the fluid migration by both NMR and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technologies. [17][18][19] SC-CO 2 plume characteristics can be obtained directly by analyzing the NMR signal intensity distribution for the water in the sample along the flooding direction during the drainage process. In context of core flooding and CO 2 storage, Xu et al 20 have summarized typical NMR equipment, sample types and analysis techniques.…”

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confidence: 99%

The effects of porosity and permeability changes on simulated supercritical CO₂ migration front in tight glutenite under different effective confining pressures from 1.5 MPa to 21.5 MPa

Myers

et al. 2020

Greenhouse Gases

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Depending on rock pore compressibility, a change in effective confining pressure (ECP) can have a significant influence on supercritical CO 2 (SC-CO 2) migration characteristics in natural reservoirs. In this study, a tight glutenite sample was used to conduct porosity/permeability measurements under different ECPs of 1.5, 5.5, 9.5, 13.5, 17.5 and 21.5 MPa. Then a SC-CO 2 drainage core flooding experiment, which was monitored using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique, was conducted at an ECP of 5.5 MPa. Measurement results show that the porosity and permeability of the sample were comparatively low (at an ECP of 1.5 MPa, 8.3% and 2.4 mD, respectively). With increasing ECP, the porosity/permeability decreased rapidly initially then more slowly at the larger ECP value. NMR results shows that SC-CO 2 preferentially displaced water creating flow channels inside the sample. At SC-CO 2 breakthrough, the average residual water saturation was 69.86%. Following breakthrough, SC-CO 2 continued to displace the water creating more substantial flow channels until they were sufficient to transport the SC-CO 2 at the fixed flow rate, resulting in a residual water saturation of 42.72%. A two-dimensional computational model was then established based on these experimental results to simulate the fluid behaviors at an ECP of 5.5 MPa, and then the model was

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Pore-scale monitoring of CO2 and N2 flooding processes in a tight formation under reservoir conditions using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR): A case study

Cited by 126 publications

References 33 publications

Review on Pore Structure Characterization and Microscopic Flow Mechanism of CO₂ Flooding in Porous Media

Review on Pore Structure Characterization and Microscopic Flow Mechanism of CO₂ Flooding in Porous Media

Experimental investigation on influencing factors of CO₂huff and puff under fractured low‐permeability conditions

The effects of porosity and permeability changes on simulated supercritical CO₂ migration front in tight glutenite under different effective confining pressures from 1.5 MPa to 21.5 MPa

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Pore-scale monitoring of CO2 and N2 flooding processes in a tight formation under reservoir conditions using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR): A case study

Cited by 126 publications

References 33 publications

Review on Pore Structure Characterization and Microscopic Flow Mechanism of CO2 Flooding in Porous Media

Review on Pore Structure Characterization and Microscopic Flow Mechanism of CO2 Flooding in Porous Media

Experimental investigation on influencing factors of CO2huff and puff under fractured low‐permeability conditions

The effects of porosity and permeability changes on simulated supercritical CO2 migration front in tight glutenite under different effective confining pressures from 1.5 MPa to 21.5 MPa

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Review on Pore Structure Characterization and Microscopic Flow Mechanism of CO₂ Flooding in Porous Media

Review on Pore Structure Characterization and Microscopic Flow Mechanism of CO₂ Flooding in Porous Media

Experimental investigation on influencing factors of CO₂huff and puff under fractured low‐permeability conditions

The effects of porosity and permeability changes on simulated supercritical CO₂ migration front in tight glutenite under different effective confining pressures from 1.5 MPa to 21.5 MPa