Porous Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Scaffolds from Cuttlefish Bone

Abstract

Cuttlefish bone is an inexpensive, readily available, morphologically complex natural material. It has an open structure, consisting of layers separated by pillar-like structures made of calcium carbonate. In this study natural bones from cuttlefish were successfully converted into porous biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) scaffolds with a range of hydroxyapatite and b-tricalcium phosphate compositions. The process involved reaction with solutions of phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ) and 2-propanol, followed by heat treatment at high temperatures (up to 13001C) in air. The crystalline composition of the BCP scaffolds could be controlled by varying the concentration of the H 3 PO 4 in solution, and the duration of reaction time at room temperature. The original microstructure of the cuttlefish bone was preserved in the BCP scaffolds which featured 490% interconnected porosity. The structure consisted of continuous macroporous channels with smallest measured cross-sectional openings of 400 lm  100 lm size. The BCP scaffolds prepared with 16 wt% H 3 PO 4 solution had a measured compressive strength of 2.3870.24 MPa, with a characteristic noncatastrophic failure behavior. The ability to tailor the composition of these BCP scaffolds allows development of implants with controlled biodegradation, while their superior mechanical and microstructural properties stand to benefit efficient osteointegration and osteoinduction.

Improvement of the compressive strength of a cuttlefish bone‐derived porous hydroxyapatite scaffold via polycaprolactone coating

“…Sarin et al 21 have reported that CB was converted into biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) by the hydrothermal conversion method, and could retain its porous structure after conversion. According to their report, the compressive strength of raw CB was slightly decreased after conversion into BCP from 2.38 to 2.19 MPa.…”

“…This decrease in compressive strength may be due to the removal of the organic framework of b-chitin by heating during the hydrothermal reaction. 21 In the present study, to improve the compressive strength, CB-HAp was coated by the simple dipping-and-drying method using several concentrations of PCL. The results show that the compressive strength was increased by coating with 5 and 10% PCL.…”

Ensuring defined porosity and pore size using ammonium hydrogen carbonate as porosification agent for calcium phosphate scaffolds

“…Besides the requirement for a specific macroporosity of the ceramic scaffold, a certain percentage of microporosity is important for osteogenesis and the anchoring of the implant to sur rounding bone tissue [14]. Therefore, several techniques were developed to integrate the desired porous structure into calcium phosphate scaffolds [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. One of these techniques is to coat polymeric sponges with a ceramic slurry.…”

Synthetic and Marine-Derived Porous Bone Graft Substitutes

“…Briefly, the infiltration of the solution into the CB occurred under vacuum conditions and for 1 h. This process was followed by heat treatment at high temperatures, up to 1300°C. The BCP scaffolds obtained with 16 wt% of phosphoric acid preserved the initial microstructure of CB and exhibited a compressive strength of 2.38 ± 0.24 MPa that despite being lower than the raw CB (2.74 ± 0.39 MPa), is in the range of trabecular bone [196]. Dutta et al [197] produced the CaP scaffolds derived from CB in ambient conditions using a de-calcification, re-calcification process followed by a phosphate mineralization.…”

“…Alternative methods to HT can be used to produce CaP materials derived from CB. For instance, Sarin et alc [196] reported the production of BCP scaffolds from CB using a solution of phosphoric acid and 2-propanol with different concentrations of phosphoric acid from 12 to 20wt%. Briefly, the infiltration of the solution into the CB occurred under vacuum conditions and for 1 h. This process was followed by heat treatment at high temperatures, up to 1300°C.…”