Porous Fiber Processing and Manufacturing for Energy Storage Applications

Abstract

The objective of this article is to provide an overview on the current development of micro- and nanoporous fiber processing and manufacturing technologies. Various methods for making micro- and nanoporous fibers including co-electrospinning, melt spinning, dry jet-wet quenching spinning, vapor deposition, template assisted deposition, electrochemical oxidization, and hydrothermal oxidization are presented. Comparison is made in terms of advantages and disadvantages of different routes for porous fiber processing. Characterization of the pore size, porosity, and specific area is introduced as well. Applications of porous fibers in various fields are discussed. The emphasis is put on their uses for energy storage components and devices including rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors.

Synthesis of Crosslinked Microparticles Based on Glycidyl Methacrylate and N‐Vinylimidazole

“…These porous materials can be obtained in different forms: films, hydrogels, gels, fibers, micro, and nanoparticles. [5,6] When compared to traditional gel-type polymer particles, spherical porous particles exhibits many unique properties, such as a special kinetics regarding drug adsorption and release, a large specific surface area and low density, resulting in a rich combination properties which are useful in various fields, such as: medical, biological, adsorption, catalytic, separation, optical, and electronic fields. [6] As already known, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) is a monomer with attractive properties, in particular because it is less toxic and possesses in its structure two important functional groups (methacrylic and epoxy groups) due to which it can participate in radical (co)polymerization reactions or ring opening postpolymerization reactions through interaction with amines, thiols, azides, or acids.…”

“…[5,6] When compared to traditional gel-type polymer particles, spherical porous particles exhibits many unique properties, such as a special kinetics regarding drug adsorption and release, a large specific surface area and low density, resulting in a rich combination properties which are useful in various fields, such as: medical, biological, adsorption, catalytic, separation, optical, and electronic fields. [6] As already known, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) is a monomer with attractive properties, in particular because it is less toxic and possesses in its structure two important functional groups (methacrylic and epoxy groups) due to which it can participate in radical (co)polymerization reactions or ring opening postpolymerization reactions through interaction with amines, thiols, azides, or acids. [7,8] Since, 1975, when Svec et al [9] published their first work on macroporous copolymers based on GMA and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), the interest for these types of copolymers has increased a lot, increasing at the same time the number of studies regarding the synthesis, properties, chemical modification, and especially their applications in various fields.…”

“…These porous materials can be obtained in different forms: films, hydrogels, gels, fibers, micro, and nanoparticles. [ 5,6 ]…”

Comparison of Pore Structures of Cellulose-Based Activated Carbon Fibers and Their Applications for Electrode Materials

“…This pore structure of ACF is known to allow a higher adsorption amount and rate than AC through direct external exposure of micropores [ 23 , 24 ]. Gan, et al reported the short ion diffusion pathways due to the well-defined surface pores of activated carbon fibers led to an excellent electrochemical performance [ 25 ]. Hence, as ACF allows a reduction in ion diffusion resistance compared to AC, it is a highly desirable electrode material that can improve the Warburg impedance of the EDLC.…”

Porous Fibers Templated by Melt Blowing Cocontinuous Immiscible Polymer Blends

“…An alternative approach to enhancing fiber mat specific surface area is to incorporate a pore structure into the fibers. Previously reported approaches to produce porous fibers have exclusively relied on electrospinning and centrifugal spinning. − For example, Doan et al and Lu et al spun fibers from a polymer solution comprising a volatile solvent ( e.g ., polystyrene dissolved in dimethylformamide or tetrahydrofuran) under conditions that induced rapid solvent evaporation to achieve porous fibers. The pore formation was attributed to a combination of vapor-induced phase separation (VIPS) and formation of breath figures by water vapor condensation due to evaporative cooling during fiber spinning. , Another approach by Grena et al involves thermally-induced phase separation (TIPS) of a polyvinylidene fluoride dissolved in propylene carbonate at 150 °C upon cooling below the upper critical solution temperature during thermal drawing from a heated reservoir .…”