Porous Gold: A New Frontier for Enzyme-Based Electrodes

Bollella, Paolo

doi:10.3390/nano10040722

Cited by 37 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 118 publications

(144 reference statements)

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“…Overall, the present state of detailed structural and mechanistic protein and enzyme bioelectrochemical mapping has now advanced in impressive detail, approaching the true level of the single molecule [3,4,6,168,169] and supported by large-scale electronic structure computations [16,17,92,138]. With new and rapidly increasing understanding of the complex, heterogeneous, and anisotropic electrode/SAM/protein/enzyme/aqueous interface, its real exploitation in the strategic design and development of enzyme biofuel cells, next-generation bioelectrochemical sensors, and other high-technology applications is rapidly coming close.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Self-assembled molecular monolayers (SAMs) are surface monolayers that spontaneously bind to metal surfaces on which, for example, the unique metal-S bonding between metal and thiols offers a versatile pathway to tailor interfacial properties for electrochemical and bioelectrochemical applications [1][2][3][4]. Thiol SAMs on metal surfaces are core targets to provide an understanding of self-organization and interfacial interactions at the molecular level in biological systems [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Direct Electrochemical Enzyme Electron Transfer on Electrodes Modified by Self-Assembled Molecular Monolayers

et al. 2020

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Self-assembled molecular monolayers (SAMs) have long been recognized as crucial “bridges” between redox enzymes and solid electrode surfaces, on which the enzymes undergo direct electron transfer (DET)—for example, in enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs) and biosensors. SAMs possess a wide range of terminal groups that enable productive enzyme adsorption and fine-tuning in favorable orientations on the electrode. The tunneling distance and SAM chain length, and the contacting terminal SAM groups, are the most significant controlling factors in DET-type bioelectrocatalysis. In particular, SAM-modified nanostructured electrode materials have recently been extensively explored to improve the catalytic activity and stability of redox proteins immobilized on electrochemical surfaces. In this report, we present an overview of recent investigations of electrochemical enzyme DET processes on SAMs with a focus on single-crystal and nanoporous gold electrodes. Specifically, we consider the preparation and characterization methods of SAMs, as well as SAM applications in promoting interfacial electrochemical electron transfer of redox proteins and enzymes. The strategic selection of SAMs to accord with the properties of the core redox protein/enzymes is also highlighted.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Electrochemical Enzyme Electron Transfer on Electrodes Modified by Self-Assembled Molecular Monolayers

et al. 2020

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“…or metal-based nanomaterials (e.g., gold nanoparticles, porous gold, etc.) [ 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 ]. Concerning carbon nanomaterials, the claimed DET of GOx is often attributed to some “special” but not clearly specified, properties of the carbon nanomaterials or possibly some particular interactions of the enzyme and the carbon nanotubes that allow to access the active site, thus enabling the charge transfer between the FAD cofactor and carbon nanotubes [ 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 ].…”

Section: Why Glucose Oxidase (Gox) Cannot Undergo Det?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzyme-Based Biosensors: Tackling Electron Transfer Issues

Bollella

Katz

2020

Sensors

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123

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This review summarizes the fundamentals of the phenomenon of electron transfer (ET) reactions occurring in redox enzymes that were widely employed for the development of electroanalytical devices, like biosensors, and enzymatic fuel cells (EFCs). A brief introduction on the ET observed in proteins/enzymes and its paradigms (e.g., classification of ET mechanisms, maximal distance at which is observed direct electron transfer, etc.) are given. Moreover, the theoretical aspects related to direct electron transfer (DET) are resumed as a guideline for newcomers to the field. Snapshots on the ET theory formulated by Rudolph A. Marcus and on the mathematical model used to calculate the ET rate constant formulated by Laviron are provided. Particular attention is devoted to the case of glucose oxidase (GOx) that has been erroneously classified as an enzyme able to transfer electrons directly. Thereafter, all tools available to investigate ET issues are reported addressing the discussions toward the development of new methodology to tackle ET issues. In conclusion, the trends toward upcoming practical applications are suggested as well as some directions in fundamental studies of bioelectrochemistry.

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“…In templated electrodeposition, porous gold is deposited on a template by reducing gold near the electrode surface via fixed potential application followed by the removal of the template. The self-templated approach initializes with the generation of H 2 bubbles in the solution containing a supporting electrolyte by applying a potential of at least −2 V vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE), allowing a gold reduction in the interstitial space [51,52]. The monolithic NPG film has been synthesized using a bottom-up synthesis from a bicontinuous microemulsion (BME) acting as a dynamic soft template, depicted in Figure 4.…”

Section: Electrodepositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrodeposition of Nanoporous Gold Thin Films

Sondhi¹,

Stine²

2021

Nanofibers - Synthesis, Properties and Applications

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Nanoporous gold (NPG) films have attracted increasing interest over the last ten years due to their unique properties of high surface area, high selectivity, and electrochemical activity along with enhanced electrical conductivity, and chemical stability. A variety of fabrication techniques to synthesize NPG thin films have been explored so far including dealloying, templating, sputtering, self-assembling, and electrodeposition. In this review, the progress in the synthetic techniques over the last ten years to prepare porous gold films has been discussed with emphasis given on the technique of electrodeposition. Such films have wide-ranging applications in the fields of drug delivery, energy storage, heterogeneous catalysis, and optical sensing.

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Porous Gold: A New Frontier for Enzyme-Based Electrodes

Cited by 37 publications

References 118 publications

Direct Electrochemical Enzyme Electron Transfer on Electrodes Modified by Self-Assembled Molecular Monolayers

Direct Electrochemical Enzyme Electron Transfer on Electrodes Modified by Self-Assembled Molecular Monolayers

Enzyme-Based Biosensors: Tackling Electron Transfer Issues

Electrodeposition of Nanoporous Gold Thin Films

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