Porous layer-stacking carbon derived from in-built template in biomass for high volumetric performance supercapacitors

Biomass-derived renewable carbon materials for electrochemical energy storage

“…Additionally, by coupling with chemical activation, the specific surface area and surface chemistry of the final carbon products could be further improved and modified by adding special oxidizing agent. Various carbon materials with high specific surface areas and modified functional groups have been produced from biomass precursors for supercapacitors, such as cellulose, potato starch and eucalyptus wood saw dust [111], hemicellulose [112], paper pulp mill sludge [113], D-glucosamine [114], fungi [70], fungus [115], bamboo waste [116], microalgae [117], watermelon [118] and hemp [119]. For example, Sevilla et al produced microporous carbons from the microalgae by a HTC process accompanied with a post-KOH activation treatment (Figure 7(a)).…”

Porous Carbon Nanosheets Prepared from Plastic Wastes for Supercapacitors

“…5 Porous carbon with specific morphology and heteroatomic doping have been used as effective electrode materials for supercapacitors due to their large surface area, tunable size, high chemical and physical stability, good conductivity and low cost. [5][6][7][8] Waste plastics, including polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chlorine (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and low density polyethylene (LDPE), have aroused the attention of an increasing number of researchers due to their high carbon content. 9,10 It will mean great progress when we are able to turn the waste plastics into high-value carbon materials in terms of effective utilization of waste resources.…”

Biomass-derived carbon materials with structural diversities and their applications in energy storage

“…The hierarchical porous carbon has high energy storage capacity and excellent rate capability. So far, various biomass, such as bagasse [113,114], endothelium corneum gigeriae galli [115], silk [98], auricularia [116][117][118], spores [53], lignin [119], cellulose [120], cotton [73], honeysuckle [121], lotus seedpods [59], enteromorpha [122,123], willow catkins [78], sheep manure [124], tobacco rods [125], corn leaf [126], bacterial cellulose [62], have been widely used as precursors to prepare hierarchical porous carbons through carbonization and activation process. Hou et al [98] have prepared hierarchical porous N-doped carbon nanosheets (HPNC-NSs) from natural silk by the metal salt activation-graphitization (Fig.…”

“…Recently, the HTC of biomass precursors, including eucalyptus sawdust [160], fungi [117,161], papyrifera bark [162], pine cones [163], tobacco rods [125], and bagasse [113], has been extensively explored for the preparation of carbon materials at 180-250°C, owing to its simplicity, cost-effective and nonpollution [164]. The chemical reaction involved in the HTC process comprises five steps: hydrolysis, dehydration, decarboxylation, polymerization, and aromatization [30].…”