Porous structure of organic and carbon aerogels synthesized by sol-gel polycondensation of resorcinol with formaldehyde

Tamon, Hajime; Ishizaka, Hajime; Mikami, Masafumi; Okazaki, Morio

doi:10.1016/s0008-6223(97)00024-9

Cited by 262 publications

(135 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The aggregated particles become interconnected after gelation showing a structure composed of rings of particles with 20-50 particles per ring [15]. The particle size ranges from 3 to 20 nm and increases with R/C ratio [16].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of controlled porosity carbon aerogels for energy storage in rechargeable lithium oxygen batteries

Mirzaeian

Hall

2009

Electrochimica Acta

200

127

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b s t r a c tPorous carbon aerogels are prepared by polycondensation of resorcinol and formaldehyde catalyzed by sodium carbonate followed by carbonization of the resultant aerogels in an inert atmosphere. Pore structure of carbon aerogels is adjusted by changing the molar ratio of resorcinol to catalyst during gel preparation and also pyrolysis under Ar and activation under CO 2 atmosphere at different temperatures.The prepared carbons are used as active materials in fabrication of composite carbon electrodes. The electrochemical performance of the electrodes has been tested in a Li/O 2 cell. Through the galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements, it is found that the cell performance (i.e. discharge capacity and discharge voltage) depends on the morphology of carbon and a combined effect of pore volume, pore size and surface area of carbon affects the storage capacity. A Li/O 2 cell using the carbon with the largest pore volume (2.195 cm 3 /g) and a wide pore size (14.23 nm) showed a specific capacity of 1290 mA h g −1 .

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of controlled porosity carbon aerogels for energy storage in rechargeable lithium oxygen batteries

Mirzaeian

Hall

2009

Electrochimica Acta

200

127

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“…Thus, upon drying, the gel structure partially collapses, resulting in a material, CX-1-RF-25, possessing lower mean pore size and lower mesopore, V BJH , pore volume, in comparison to CX-2-RF-50, carbon xerogel synthesized using the stoichiometric molar ratio. Tamon and co-workers previously reported similar collapse of the mesopore structure, due to the presence of remaining formaldehyde after sol-gel polycondensation [17]. Further increasing R/F molar ratio up to a value of 1, i.e., excess resorcinol, results in a carbon material, CX-3-RF-100, which is predominantly microporous.…”

Section: Influence Of Synthesis Conditions In the Textural Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 64%

Tailoring Synthesis Conditions of Carbon Xerogels towards Their Utilization as Pt-Catalyst Supports for Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR)

et al. 2012

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Carbon xerogels characterized by different textural, structural and chemical properties were synthesized and used as supports for Pt catalysts for the application in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Synthesis conditions were varied in order to synthesize carbon xerogels following the sol-gel method. These included the reactants ratio (precursor/formaldehyde), the catalyst concentration (precursor/catalyst ratio) and type (basic and acid), the precursor type (resorcinol and pyrogallol) and the solvent (aqueous or acetone based). Stoichiometric mixtures of resorcinol and formaldehyde yielded well polymerized gels and highly developed structures. Slow gelation, favored by the presence of acetone as solvent in the sol and low catalyst concentration, resulted in higher polymerization extent with a highly mesoporous or even macroporous texture and more ordered structure, as evidenced by XPS and Raman spectroscopy. Small Pt particles of ca. 3.5 nm were obtained by using carbon xerogels characterized by an ordered surface structure. The specific activity towards the oxygen reduction reaction, i.e., the limiting catalytic process in low temperature fuel cells, is significantly favored by highly ordered carbon xerogels due to a metal-support enhanced interaction. Nevertheless, surface defects favor the distribution of the metallic particles on the surface of carbon, which in the end influences the effectiveness of the catalyst. Accelerated degradation tests were conducted to evaluate catalyst stability under potential cycling conditions. The observed decay of OPEN ACCESSCatalysts 2012, 2 467 performance was considerably lower for the catalysts based on ordered carbon xerogels stabilizing Pt particles in a higher extent than the other xerogels and the commercial carbon black support.

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“…literature during the past two decades or so [1][2][3][4][5][6]. By using this sol-gel method, several alkaline and transition metal ions, can be well dispersed in the RF gels and its carbonized derivatives during the synthesis process [1,[7][8][9].…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and characterization of TiO2-carbon nanocomposites with both micro- and mesopore size distributions

et al. 2010

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Synthesis and characterization of TiO 2 -carbon nanocomposites with both micro-and mesopore size distributions, Materials Letters (2010Letters ( ), doi: 10.1016Letters ( /j.matlet.2010 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Abstract: TiO2-carbon nanocomposites were synthesized by simply mixing a TiO2 sol with a semi-cured resorcinol and formaldehyde gel, followed by drying and pyrolysis at 1000 o C in an inert atmosphere. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPTFor comparison, the pure resorcinol and formaldehyde gel and the pure TiO2 gol were also prepared, dried and pyrolysed in same conditions, respectively. The composites with a low TiO2 content had the similar pore size distribution (PSD) and crystallographic structure to that of the blank sample (i.e., micropore size distribution), However the presence of high content TiO2 in the composites effectively resulted in an increase in mesoporosity and a crystallographic structure of dominant rutile TiO2 in the TiO2-carbon nanocomposite.

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Porous structure of organic and carbon aerogels synthesized by sol-gel polycondensation of resorcinol with formaldehyde

Cited by 262 publications

References 11 publications

Preparation of controlled porosity carbon aerogels for energy storage in rechargeable lithium oxygen batteries

Preparation of controlled porosity carbon aerogels for energy storage in rechargeable lithium oxygen batteries

Tailoring Synthesis Conditions of Carbon Xerogels towards Their Utilization as Pt-Catalyst Supports for Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR)

Synthesis and characterization of TiO2-carbon nanocomposites with both micro- and mesopore size distributions

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