Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine Covalently Functionalized Graphene and Carbon Nanotube Nanohybrids for Optical Limiting

Abstract

Optical limiters are smart materials that follow passive approaches to provide laser protection, which are useful for the protection of human eyes, optical elements, and optical sensors from intense laser pulses. Many functional materials have been widely investigated with the view to realize practical passive optical limiting application. However, preparation of the required nonlinear optical active materials for optical limiters still presents a significant chemical challenge. In particular, this chapter gives emphasis to the nonlinear properties modulation of porphyrin and phthalocyanine covalently functionalized graphene and carbon nanotubes nanohybrids for the function of optical power limiting aiming the achievement of effective systems through the appropriate combination and modulation of several structural components. The nonlinear optical mechanisms observed in inorganic-organic nanohybrids, i.e., nonlinear scattering, nonlinear absorption, nonlinear refraction, and others, are discussed in conjunction with the influence of the materials properties and the laser source on the optical limiting performances.

Graphene quantum dot-porphyrin/phthalocyanine multifunctional hybrid systems: from interfacial dialogue to application

“…Given that the interaction of the extended π-electron network of porphyrins with graphene results in interesting optoelectronic properties, the covalent and non-covalent chemistry of porphyrins with graphene-based nanomaterials has been widely investigated. 27,64,110,112,163 However, there are major obstacles in obtaining nanocrystals with structural-compositional complexity, 174 which require conserving the desired monodispersed property, without hampering accessibility to the innate properties of the Pp/Pc building blocks for their use. The covalent functionalization of porphyrin-nanotube conjugates can be accomplished through linkages such as carboxylic acid-induced esterification, Suzuki coupling, azide–alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition (1,3-dipolar cycloaddition), and diazonium chemistry on a pre-functionalized nanotube surface.…”

“…The impetus for the current work was based on the need for robust conjugation to achieve the synergistic enhancement of several features. 62–68…”