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Photoredox catalysis has attracted increasing attention because of wide range of synthetic transformations and solar energy conversion applications. Reviews on photoredox catalysis have so far focused predominantly on the synthetic applications. This review highlights how organic photoredox catalysts were developed and how they function as efficient photocatalysts in mechanistic point of views. In particular, 9‐mesityl‐10‐methylactidinium (Acr+–Mes) has been highlighted as one of the best organic photoredox catalysts. Acr+–Mes was originally developed as a model compound of the photosynthetic reaction center to mimic the long lifetime of the charge‐separated state in which the energy is converted to chemical energy in photosynthesis. The reason why Acr+–Mes acts as one of the most efficient photoredox catalyst is clarified in terms of the one‐electron redox potentials and long lifetimes of the electron‐transfer state (Acr•–Mes•+) produced upon photoexcitation of Acr+–Mes in different solvents. The reason why the mesityl substituent at the 9‐position of the Acr+ moiety is essential for the efficient photoredox catalysis is discussed in comparison with acridinium ions with different substituents R (Acr+–R) including 10‐methylacridinium ion with no substituent (AcrH+). The mechanisms of photoredox catalysis of Acr+–Mes are discussed in various synthetic transformations and solar energy conversion reactions mimicking photosynthesis. Photoredox catalysis of quinolinium ion and its derivatives is also discussed in comparison with that of Acr+–Mes. Finally, immobilization of Acr+–Mes and quinolinium ions to form the composite catalysts with redox catalyst is discussed to improve the photoredox catalytic activity and stability.
Photoredox catalysis has attracted increasing attention because of wide range of synthetic transformations and solar energy conversion applications. Reviews on photoredox catalysis have so far focused predominantly on the synthetic applications. This review highlights how organic photoredox catalysts were developed and how they function as efficient photocatalysts in mechanistic point of views. In particular, 9‐mesityl‐10‐methylactidinium (Acr+–Mes) has been highlighted as one of the best organic photoredox catalysts. Acr+–Mes was originally developed as a model compound of the photosynthetic reaction center to mimic the long lifetime of the charge‐separated state in which the energy is converted to chemical energy in photosynthesis. The reason why Acr+–Mes acts as one of the most efficient photoredox catalyst is clarified in terms of the one‐electron redox potentials and long lifetimes of the electron‐transfer state (Acr•–Mes•+) produced upon photoexcitation of Acr+–Mes in different solvents. The reason why the mesityl substituent at the 9‐position of the Acr+ moiety is essential for the efficient photoredox catalysis is discussed in comparison with acridinium ions with different substituents R (Acr+–R) including 10‐methylacridinium ion with no substituent (AcrH+). The mechanisms of photoredox catalysis of Acr+–Mes are discussed in various synthetic transformations and solar energy conversion reactions mimicking photosynthesis. Photoredox catalysis of quinolinium ion and its derivatives is also discussed in comparison with that of Acr+–Mes. Finally, immobilization of Acr+–Mes and quinolinium ions to form the composite catalysts with redox catalyst is discussed to improve the photoredox catalytic activity and stability.
The methodology of nanoarchitectonics is to construct functional materials using nanounits such as atoms, molecules, and nanoobjects, just like architecting buildings. Nanoarchitectonics pursues the ultimate concept of materials science through the integration of related fields. In this review paper, under the title of interface‐interactive nanoarchitectonics, several examples of structure fabrication and function development at interfaces will be discussed, highlighting the importance of architecting materials with nanoscale considerations. Two sections provide some examples at the solid and liquid surfaces. In solid interfacial environments, molecular structures can be precisely observed and analyzed with theoretical calculations. Solid surfaces are a prime site for nanoarchitectonics at the molecular level. Nanoarchitectonics of solid surfaces has the potential to pave the way for cutting‐edge functionality and science based on advanced observation and analysis. Liquid surfaces are more kinetic and dynamic than solid interfaces, and their high fluidity offers many possibilities for structure fabrications by nanoarchitectonics. The latter feature has advantages in terms of freedom of interaction and diversity of components, therefore, liquid surfaces may be more suitable environments for the development of functionalities. The final section then discusses what is needed for the future of material creation in nanoarchitectonics.
Herein, we reported design, synthesis and investigation for supramolecular self‐assembly of two types of carbazole porphyrins one with free base carbazole porphyrin (codes as 1), and second one zinc (II) metalated carbazole porphyrin (codes as 2) in the various ratios of chloroform (CHCl3, non‐polar) and methanol (MeOH, polar) mixed solvent. Typically, in only chloroform both 1 and 2 produce micro‐belt like structures, while increasing polar solvents i.e. 90% MeOH in CHCl3 (v/v, 9:1 ratio), 1 resulted as helical microfibres, however, 2 assembled into twisted helical ribbons, respectively. The solution based solvophobic effect on self‐assembly demonstrated by using circular dichroism (CD), UV‐Vis and emission spectroscopy. Furthermore, X‐ray diffraction was used to confirm amorphous nature of assembly and DFT for computational study used to find energy band gap between carbazole and porphyrin. Importantly, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was employed to visualise chiral supramolecular superstructures of 1 and 2, respectively. It is clear that growth of chiral superstructures is due to π–π stacking of porphyrin core along with hydrophobic interaction of the ethyl hexyl chain. Thus, it is clear that adjusting the ratio of polar to non‐polar solvent, hydrophobic carbazole porphyrins confirmed formation of chiral superstructures.
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