Porphyromonas gingivalis Virulence Factors and Clinical Significance in Periodontal Disease and Coronary Artery Diseases

Abstract

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium that lives in the oral cavity. It is an integral part of the oral microbiome, which includes more than 500 types of bacteria. Under certain circumstances, as a consequence of virulence factors, it can become very destructive and proliferate to many cells in periodontal lesions. It is one of the causative agents present extremely often in dental plaque and is the main etiological factor in the development of periodontal disease. During various therapeutic procedures, P. gingivalis can enter the blood and disseminate through it to distant organs. This primarily refers to the influence of periodontal agents on the development of subacute endocarditis and can facilitate the development of coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, and ischemic infarction. The action of P. gingivalis is facilitated by numerous factors of virulence and pathogenicity such as fimbriae, hemolysin, hemagglutinin, capsules, outer membrane vesicles, lipopolysaccharides, and gingipains. A special problem is the possibility of biofilm formation. P. gingivalis in a biofilm is 500 to 1000 times less sensitive to antimicrobial drugs than planktonic cells, which represents a significant problem in the treatment of infections caused by this pathogen.

Magnolia kobus Extract Inhibits Periodontitis-Inducing Mediators in Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide-Activated RAW 264.7 Cells

“…Porphyromonas gingivalis, one of the representative periodontal disease pathogens in oral bacteria, can produce lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxins that can stimulate the induction of inflammatory cytokines and contribute to the process of alveolar bone loss and connective tissue destruction [8][9][10]. In addition, the secretion of various inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) generated by periodontal pathogen stimulation can act as a major factor in periodontal tissue destruction [11,12].…”

Factores de virulencia de los componentes de Porphyromona gingivalis: una revisión narrativa

“…Las cápsulas de P. gingivalis pueden unirse a otros periodontopatogenos para facilitar la agregación conjunta de bacterias y formación de biopelículas. La cápsula induce respuestas inmunitarias del huésped, es un inductor de inmunidad más débil que otros factores de virulencia y es antagonista (22,63).…”

“…P. gingivalis con cápsula muestra una mayor tasa de supervivencia, debido a la resistencia que presenta a la fagocitosis por parte de macrófagos y células dendríticas, que aquellos sin capsula. Sin embargo, diferentes serotipos de P. gingivalis encapsulados mostraron varias capacidades de adhesión y los serotipos no envueltos logran una mejor adhesión a las células epiteliales gingivales (22).…”

“…La importancia clínica de este microorganismo, de la enfermedad periodontal y sus consecuencias, se debe a la relación que guarda con diferentes enfermedades sistémicas, con quienes además comparten factores de riesgo biológicos, conductuales y psicosociales comunes (11), entre ellas la diabetes, las enfermedades cardiovasculares, el síndrome del ovario poliquístico, cáncer de pulmón, enfermedad renal crónica, Alzheimer, deterioro cognitivo relacionado con la edad, artritis reumatoide, obesidad, entre otras (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23).…”

A biomimetic phototherapeutic nanoagent based on bacterial double-layered membrane vesicles for comprehensive treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma

“…15,16 Gram-negative bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), one of the most common pathogens inside the oral region, contains multiple virulence factors that can change the oral immune microenvironment and induce systemic inflammatory responses. [17][18][19] As the major component of the outer membrane of Pg, LPS has been proven to be capable of promoting M1 macrophage polarization and thus overcoming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. 20,21 Although Pg is considered to be an ideal bacterial adjuvant for facilitating OSCC immunotherapy, it also raises biosafety concerns especially cytokine storms resulting from the overreacting immune system.…”