Porphysome nanovesicles generated by porphyrin bilayers for use as multimodal biophotonic contrast agents

Abstract

Supplementary Methods Synthesis of pyropheophorbide-lipidIn a standard reaction, 100 nmol of 1-palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (Avanti Polar Lipids), 50 nmol pyropheophorbide (prepared from Spirulina Pacifica algae as described previously;Zheng et al., Bioconj. Chem., 2002, 13-392), 50 nmol of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (Sigma), 25 nmol of 4-(dimethylamino) pyridine (Sigma) and 50 µL of N,Ndiisopropylethylamine (Sigma) were combined in 10 mL of anhydrous dichloromethane. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under argon in the dark for 48 hours. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was subjected to thin layer chromatography purification (20 x 20 cm pre-coated silica gel plate with fluorescent indicator, 1.5 mm in thickness). Chloroform-methanol-glacial acetic acid-water 65:25:8:2 (volume ratio) was used as the solvent. The major band with R f =0.4 was isolated from the plate and eluted giving a final yield of 45%. Recently, we found that improved purification could be achieved by using diol modified silica (Sorbtech) and eluting the product with 8% methanol in DCM after washing out impurities with 2% and 5% methanol in DCM. The pyropheophrobide-lipid was then dried under

Selective treatment and monitoring of disseminated cancer micrometastases in vivo using dual-function, activatable immunoconjugates

“…Prior elegant works have demonstrated selective tumor imaging using activatable contrast agents, primarily of macroscopic tumors (17,28,29,(42)(43)(44). However, these probes have not been used to treat micrometastases, largely due to the fact that fluorescence-guided surgery is impractical at the microscopic scale.…”

Chemophototherapy: An Emerging Treatment Option for Solid Tumors

“…It has been demonstrated that liposomes incorporating porphyrin‐phospholipid (PoP) can be permeabilized by NIR light, releasing variable cargos such as Dox, calcein, sulforhodamine B, and gentamicin 208. PoP can be used to form nanoparticles with theranostic characters 214, 215, 216, 217, 218. PoP lipoosmes are thermostable, as PoP liposomes loaded with sulforhodamine B did not show cargo leakage in hot agarose before solidification.…”

Biodegradable and Renal Clearable Inorganic Nanoparticles

“…Abraxane, a novel 130‐nm, albumin‐bound particle form of paclitaxel, has also been designed to utilize endogenous albumin pathways to increase intratumor concentrations of the active drug 17. Promising multifunctional agents known as porphysomes (formed by the super‐assembly of porphyrin‐phospholipids) have recently been demonstrated as photothermal, photodynamic, and photoacoustic enhancement agents, as well as drug delivery vehicles 18, 19, 20. Ferritin, a ubiquitous protein in most living beings, has been utilized as a biodegradable platform for multimodality imaging 21.…”