“…The first gap that can be identified is that there is no recent research on the SD of ports in the BSR. Moreover, few studies concerning European ports incorporate the TBL concept and address all three sustainability dimensions (e.g., Laxe et al, 2017;Lozano et al, 2019;Suárez-Gargallo & Zaragoza-Sáez, 2023). Even then, although some studies try to identify the Key Performance Indicators (KPI) of port sustainability (e.g., Di Vaio et al, 2018;Hakam, 2015;Sachs et al, 2023) or assess some port sustainability indicators (e.g., Faut et al, 2023;Hossain et al, 2019Hossain et al, , 2021, these measures are not aggregated as one tool, and they usually do not deal with the problem of implementing port sustainability.…”