“…Recurrent arguments include the fact that sea-land transshipment may generate economies of scale while increasing the number of destinations and shipping frequency, thereby opening new markets to ports beyond their traditional hinterlands (van Klink and van den Berg, 1998). While the influence of physical infrastructure interconnection cannot be ignored (Bottasso et al, 2018), most studies focus more on the role of vertically integrated actors in establishing intermodal services (Franc and Van der Horst, 2010;Notteboom et al, 2017) and so-called dry ports (inland) to relieve seaports from congestion and enhance distribution systems, among other goals (Roso et al, 2009). Hinterland delineation, a longstanding issue in transport studies, recently improved but tended to ignore shipping linkages per se (Halim et al, 2016;Tiller and Thill, 2017;Zanon Moura et al, 2017;Jung et al, 2018).…”