Port-Related Shipping Gas Emissions—A Systematic Review of Research

Abstract

The global increase in shipping activity has contributed to the degradation of air quality, which particularly affects traffic-dense port areas. Due to the environmental and public health impacts of air quality in port cities, a number of inventories using varying methodologies have been conducted over the past two decades to manage gas emissions in specific areas. The objective of this work is to determine one relevant methodology for estimating ship emissions in ports through a systematic review of the relevant literature. In this research, PRISMA guidelines were followed through a multi-layer bottom-up analysis approach to ensure the validity of the proposed methodology. The aforementioned methodology, as the end result of this research, is intended to provide an empirically structured basis for further development of a novel indexing model of ship gas emissions in port areas.

Towards Cleaner Ports: Predictive Modeling of Sulfur Dioxide Shipping Emissions in Maritime Facilities Using Machine Learning

“…Moreover, some suggested techniques include the PRISMA criteria. Through a multi-layer bottom-up study, an empirically organized foundation for the continued development of a unique indexing model of ship-gas emissions in port regions may be obtained [29].…”

Assessing the Potential for Energy Efficiency Improvement through Cold Ironing: A Monte Carlo Analysis with Real Port Data

“…Emissions evaluation has garnered significant research attention as a crucial initial step in reducing emissions in the shipping industry. The calculation methods for ship emissions can be categorized into two main types: energy-based top-down methods and fuel-based bottom-up approaches [27]. A top-down approach in emissions evaluation utilizes fuel sales statistics to estimate the overall fuel consumption of a fleet during a defined timeframe and geographical region.…”

“…These data are then coupled with emission factors, which represent the amount of pollutants emitted per metric ton of fuel consumed, to calculate the total mass of emitted pollutants. The primary advantage of the fuel-based approach is its minimal data requirements [27]. The fuel-based approach is particularly applicable in scenarios where limited traffic data are available since it uses general fleet information, fuel consumption data, and emissions factors to estimate emissions [28].…”

“…In a bottom-up approach, emissions estimations are calculated for each specific activity by combining engine energy output or fuel consumption with corresponding emission factors and time values. This approach involves breaking down emissions calculations into specific movement types or activities, allowing for more detailed and accurate estimations of emissions [27]. The bottom-up approach provides near-instantaneous emission estimations on a vessel-by-vessel basis, offering high-resolution analysis in both time and space.…”

Special Issue on Improving the Environmental Performances of Maritime Transport and Ports

“…Some cost-effective, emission-reducing measures are readily available, but there is a need for multi-level governance systems to institute new short-term and long-term policies. A systematic review [5] used PRISMA guidelines to develop a multilayered review of the literature to find the most applicable methodology for the estimation of emissions in port areas. Results from the analysis detailed the five most commonly applied methodologies and datasets worldwide, with details on their formulas.…”