Portable Bio-Devices: Design of electrochemical instruments from miniaturized to implantable devices

Colomer‐Farrarons, Jordi; Miribel-Català, Pere Ll.; Rodríguez-Villarreal, A. Ivón; Samitier, J.

doi:10.5772/17212

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…According to the waveform of the potential, the most frequently adopted voltammetric techniques are cyclic voltammetry (CV) (triangular waveform), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) (ramp), and squarewave voltammetry (SWV) (multistep) [23][24][25]. Thus, a potentiostat in amperometric mode should be able to control the potential between WE and RE, according to a desired waveform, and detect electrons moved from the electrode to the analyte or from the analyte to the electrode as a current flowing between WE and CE [13,23,24]. Thus, current flowing between WE and CE due to analyte reduction/oxidation at metal electrodes will be influenced by the potential applied, by analyte properties, and by its concentration.…”

Section: Amperometric Protein Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In potentiostatic or potentiometric mode, the potentiostat measures the voltage difference between WE and RE in the absence of current flow between the electrodes, while controlling the potential of CE with respect to WE ( Figure 21). The resulting potential difference depends on the concentration of an analyte [13,23]. Some potentiometric biosensors are known as redoxpotential biosensors due to the involvement of redox reactions.…”

Section: Potentiometric Protein Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It functions by regulating the potential difference between reference electrode (RE) and working electrode (WE). Additionally, a potentiostat also measures the flow of current between WE and an auxiliary electrode, usually referred to as counter electrode (CE) [12], due to a redox reaction in the biological fluid which induces the movement of charges [13,14]. As discussed in detail in the literature [15], the use of three electrodes is required to have a precise control of the potential across the working electrode since the reference electrode has a stable and well-known electrode potential and it is used as a point of reference in the electrochemical cell for the potential control and measurement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding the design, the reported studies have focused on the miniaturisation of the electrochemical systems to promote portability [12]. The miniaturisation and portability of these measurement systems are a forwarding step towards accomplishing real-time and fast POC applications to execute rapid in situ analyses [13]. Indeed, measurements or detection of analytes could be performed in several locations [17], for instance, in a nonhospital setting by unskilled staff or at home by patients, while analyses in laboratories are time-consuming and costly processes.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Potentiostats for Protein Biosensing: Design Considerations and Analysis on Measurement Characteristics

et al. 2019

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The demand for the development of swift, simple, and ultrasensitive biosensors has been increasing after the introduction of innovative approaches such as bioelectronics, nanotechnology, and electrochemistry. The possibility to correlate changes in electrical parameters with the concentration of protein biomarkers in biological samples is appealing to improve sensitivity, reliability, and repeatability of the biochemical assays currently available for protein investigation. Potentiostats are the required instruments to ensure the proper cell conditioning and signal processing in accurate electrochemical biosensing applications. In this light, this review is aimed at analyzing design considerations, electrical specifications, and measurement characteristics of potentiostats, specifically customized for protein detection. This review demonstrates how a proper potentiostat for protein quantification should be able to supply voltages in a range between few mV to few V, with high resolution in terms of readable current (in the order of 100 pA). To ensure a reliable quantification of clinically relevant protein concentrations (>1 ng/mL), the accuracy of the measurement (<1%) is significant and it can be ensured with proper digital-to-analog (10-16 bits) and analog-to-digital (10-24 bits) converters. Furthermore, the miniaturisation of electrochemical systems represents a key step toward portable, real-time, and fast point-of-care applications. This review is meant to serve as a guide for the design of customized potentiostats capable of a more proper and enhanced conditioning of electrochemical biosensors for protein detection.

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Section: Amperometric Protein Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Potentiometric Protein Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potentiostats for Protein Biosensing: Design Considerations and Analysis on Measurement Characteristics

et al. 2019

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“…For chemical measurement systems in biological applications, potentiostat amplifiers [3] are the electronic interface to a large category of amperometric chemical sensors which are capable of managing many biologically and environmentally important analyses. This characteristic gives us the possibility of building an extremely versatile tool with other interesting specs: portability, accuracy and reliability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioelectronics for Amperometric Biosensors

Punter-Villagrasa¹,

Colomer‐Farrarons²,

Miribel-Català³

2013

State of the Art in Biosensors - General Aspects

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Demand for increased functionality, smaller systems, with smaller electrodes, for ultra-low current detection and versatility will force potentiostat amplifiers to be designed on a systemon-chip SoC , combining single to multi-sensor measurements, to be implemented in advanced Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor CMOS processes. The scaled supply voltages in these processes [ -], however, seriously limit the chemical analysis range.Interesting approaches have been designed in terms of the instrumentation [ -], attempting to work with low-voltages and low-currents, these electronics are integrated with autonomous powering. In [ ] the authors propose an interesting low-power concept of a two-electrodes approach with the capability to measure from pA to nA with a simple Analog-to-Digital ADC approach, but operating at V. [ ] presents a nice approach based on a Sigma-Delta modulator with the capability to check currents with a sensitivity of fA with a power dissipation of µW, operating at . V in this case, but with all the processing electronics being external to the prototype. In [ ] a Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor CMOS approach is presented for electrochemical arrays, operating with a bias of V, where the array X is placed in the same substrate with the amperometric detector. The design works in an unipolar fashion detecting pA, with a maximum operating frequency @ kHz. Good approach is also presented in [ ] where a current-mirror circuit is implemented for three-electrode amperometric electrochemical sensors. There the system has an accuracy of %, with a range of currents of nA to µA, operating at . V with a power consumption of µW. [ ] present a V, . mA amperometric electrochemical microsystem array X , with a range between pA to µA, where full electronics and array are placed on-chip, also working with an unipolar approach, with a chip size of . X . mm, with the electrode array implemented with electrodes of mm of diameter. Also in [ ] a similar approach is derived, with an array of X , with circular electrodes of µm, and a second implementation with the array implemented in-chip with the electronics. First Cyclic voltammetry CV approaches are presented with a typical range between . V to . V, detection currents from-. µA to . µA. Latest advances have been reported in [ ] and in [ ].In [ ], the novelty resides in the technological approach for the electronics design. Generally, all the implementations are based on silicon electronics, looking for a cheapest massive production and good properties. In this case Poly-Si Thin-Film transistors are used, ideal for their flexibility. In this particular work the system it is just conceived for a single three-based electrode for a cyclic voltammetry to detect diabetes. Electronic performances are not significantly inferior to those based on a CMOS solution. The system operates at . V, working between . V to . V, but not reference is addressed to the power consumption and current range. The last example [ ] is quite interesting and a great approach to our co...

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