Portable dense geophone array for shallow and very shallow 3D seismic reflection surveying: Part 1—Data acquisition, quality control, and processing

Bachrach, Ran; Mukerji, Tapan

doi:10.1190/1.1836818

Cited by 21 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The images produced by Büker et al (, ) were superior to those simulated by van der Veen et al (). However, because of costs, such a comprehensive high‐resolution 3D seismic survey is unlikely to be conducted on projects with limited budgets (Bachrach and Mukerji ). In some cases, a system employing land streamers could provide an adequate data set at less cost.…”

Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 3D seismic land‐streamer system

Dolena

Speece

Link

et al. 2007

Near Surface Geophysics

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The 3D seismic reflection method has not been extensively utilized for shallow subsurface investigations because of the relatively high cost of performing 3D surveys. We have designed and constructed a system that could make 3D seismic reflection an affordable option for shallow subsurface exploration by significantly reducing time and labour. In a fashion similar to marine work, a vehicle tows an array of four parallel seismic cables, or land streamers. Each streamer consists of 24 gimballed geophones. The vehicle drags the array from station to station and shots are taken while the array is stationary. We tested our system near Belt, Montana, in an attempt to image an abandoned subsurface coal seam and associated mine workings at a depth of approximately 88 m. For this survey, receiver, receiver line, source and source line spacings were all 1 m. In total, we surveyed a surface area of 100 m x 34 m, achieving a nominal fold of 24. Typical combined advance and occupation times for each station were less than 30 s, using a crew of three people. We were able to image the layered geology in the area and the coal seam; although we were not able to view the individual mine workings because of limited resolution. This testing shows that our system has the potential to expand the application of 3D seismic reflection to shallow subsurface exploration by greatly increasing efficiency.

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Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 3D seismic land‐streamer system

Dolena

Speece

Link

et al. 2007

Near Surface Geophysics

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“…The requirements and means of seismic quality control and quality assurance (QC/QA) have been addressed by several authors (Li et al, 2008;Bachrach and Mukerji, 2004;Jin et al, 2004;Thomas et al, 2004;Widmaier et al, 2002), mostly for either the acquisition stage or for main processing and post-processing volumes. Many types of processing problems arise from defected preprocessing steps such as incorrectly setting up field geometry (Yilmaz, 1987).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Land 3D-seismic data: Preprocessing quality control utilizing survey design specifications, noise properties, normal moveout, first breaks, and offset

Raef

2009

J. Earth Sci.

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The recent proliferation of the 3D reflection seismic method into the near-surface area of geophysical applications, especially in response to the emergence of the need to comprehensively characterize and monitor near-surface carbon dioxide sequestration in shallow saline aquifers around the world, justifies the emphasis on cost-effective and robust quality control and assurance (QC/QA) workflow of 3D seismic data preprocessing that is suitable for near-surface applications. The main purpose of our seismic data preprocessing QC is to enable the use of appropriate header information, data that are free of noise-dominated traces, and/or flawed vertical stacking in subsequent processing steps. In this article, I provide an account of utilizing survey design specifications, noise properties, first breaks, and normal moveout for rapid and thorough graphical QC/QA diagnostics, which are easy to apply and efficient in the diagnosis of inconsistencies. A correlated vibroseis time-lapse 3D-seismic data set from a CO 2 -flood monitoring survey is used for demonstrating QC diagnostics. An important by-product of the QC workflow is establishing the number of layers for a refraction statics model in a data-driven graphical manner that capitalizes on the spatial coverage of the 3D seismic data.

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“…Examples of three‐dimensional (3D) ultra‐shallow seismic reflection in the scientific literature are rare (Bachrach and Mukerji ,) and although several examples of shallow 3D seismic reflections surveys can be found (Corsmit et al . , Green et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra‐shallow imaging using 3D seismic‐reflection methods

Sloan

2009

Near Surface Geophysics

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Three-dimensional ultra-shallow seismic reflection methods were used to image multiple reflectors less than 20 m deep, including the top of saturated zone, a paleo-channel feature and the top of bedrock at a field site located near Lawrence, Kansas. A small 3D demonstration survey was designed and acquired using source and receiver intervals of 0.5 m and source line and receiver line intervals of 2 m. The survey had a nominal fold of 48 and covered an area of ~15.5 m × 35.5 m. Large variations in velocity were present, ranging from ~300-600 m/s laterally in the shallowest layer and ~300-1600 m/s vertically, a degree of variability that is not uncommon in the ultra-shallow subsurface. Normal moveout corrections cannot account for intersecting reflection hyperbolae such as those caused by large vertical velocity gradients, so a novel processing scheme was applied by extracting offset-dependent subsets based on the optimum window for each reflection. The subsets were normal moveout corrected independently and then stacked together using conventional 3D processing techniques. Despite the large lateral and vertical velocity variations, we were successful in imaging the top of the saturated zone, paleo-channel features and the overburden-bedrock interface located at depths of ~5 m, 8 m and 14 m, respectively. Results of the 3D survey are in agreement with previous studies conducted at the site. The methods presented here could be applied to situations where 3D imaging of the ultra-shallow subsurface is necessary and may help to identify possible contaminant sinks or flowpaths. layers of shale and marine limestone characteristic of the

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Portable dense geophone array for shallow and very shallow 3D seismic reflection surveying: Part 1—Data acquisition, quality control, and processing

Cited by 21 publications

References 18 publications

A 3D seismic land‐streamer system

A 3D seismic land‐streamer system

Land 3D-seismic data: Preprocessing quality control utilizing survey design specifications, noise properties, normal moveout, first breaks, and offset

Ultra‐shallow imaging using 3D seismic‐reflection methods

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