“…In addition, some of these methods are not portable, limiting their wider applicability for routine in situ field screening of consumable products. Raman and infrared spectroscopy are non-destructive and rapid techniques that require a small sample size and are capable of solid and liquid sample analysis with little or no sample preparation, making them ideal for fingerprinting, determination of authenticity, and quality assurance of consumable products including edible oils [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ]. Besides, Raman and infrared spectrometers are portable and fairly inexpensive, allowing affordable and fast in situ field screening of consumable products.…”