“…Water-borne viruses pose a serious threat to public health and safety. , Among them, pathogens such as Norovirus and Rotavirus are well-known causative factors that can lead to nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans. , The World Health Organization has estimated that millions of people worldwide die every year due to infections caused by Norovirus or Rotavirus. , However, due to the low recognition sensitivity of biological antibodies, traditional immune antigen analysis methods were difficult to meet the detection requirements for multiple types and low loads of exposed viruses in the aqueous environment. , Similarly, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based nucleic acid detection methods were equally difficult to satisfy the demand for high-throughput detection of multiplex exposed virus due to their low detection throughput. , Although multiplex PCR techniques have been developed for the simultaneous detection of multiplex nucleic acid sequences, the competition and interference between primer pairs make them highly susceptible to cross-interference when dealing with complex environmental media. , In addition, the high technical requirements of PCR methods, and the complex and time-consuming amplification process make it difficult to meet the demand for immediate detection in the field of environmental analysis . Therefore, there are severe barriers to the application of traditional antigen analysis and nucleic acid detection methods for the detection of viruses exposed to the aqueous environment.…”